СБОРНИК -Россия 21 век

Russia and the countries of its canonical territory, its cultural influence, preserving the unity of the church, as well as cooperation with foreign states and other international institutions. Russian reseacher O. Tserpitskaya suggests that in order to achieve its goals ROC has an extensive system of international institutions which were carried out in the interests of the church and the state. By performing their traditional functions, missions form a positive image of the church as well[10]. According to the author, representation is a new form of international institutions created for a dialogue with the world community and the protection of traditional values. However, ROC maintains an independent foreign policy, an example of which is the Russian-Georgian conflict, when the Church took an independent stance. Thus, the ROC through its foreign missions and foreign policy activity creates a favourable image of Russia in the world [11].

There is another example of Turkey which proves that the secular state is able to adopt the principle of religious soft power with no centralised system of coordination but with considered methods of attaining the purposes. Turkey is traditionally acting by creating wide chains of educational institutions via religious sects -- ‘tariqas’. One of the most influential religious organisations is ‘Nudjular’ which is generally expended in the CIS countries. It is spreading the ideas of panturkism, neo-Ottomanism and modern Islamic democracy all over Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Tatarstan, Crimea and other regions with a predominantly Turkic language population. But at the same time, Moldova it acting tightly with Gagauzian minority in humanitarian sphere, regardless to religious distinction with this turkic but orthodox nation. Turkish soft power policy in the western Countries has also some peculiarities. ‘Milli Görüş’ is the most influential Turkish diaspora organization in Europe which is by nature was initially tariqa and now is religio-plitical movement. Turkish descendents in Europe associating themselves with such organisations are realising their strong connection with moderately Islamic modern Turkey rather than the one inheriting the secular principals of Ataturk. [12]

Thus, after considering the influence of religion on the features of modern international relations, the following conclusions are drawn: due to increased religious factor in international relations, the role of religious institutions that are able to influence global processes strengthens. In such a way, on the international political arena there are new actors capable of having a tremendous impact on individuals, states and international organizations. Its activities through religious institutions implement the so-called "soft power". These institutions are able to act as independent actors as well as being instrument of foreign policy of certain states.

References

1.Coombs, Holladay. The Handbook of Crisis Communication //Handbooks in communication and Media. 2010: P. 299

2.Nye, Joseph.S. 1990. ‘Soft Power’, “Foreign Policy” 80: P 153-171

3.Оренбург М.Ю. Адаптационная модель тибетського буддизма в условиях глобальной модернизации // М: Межкультурная коммуникация: современная теория и практика. 2013.

Сс. 167-179, 288.

4.Casanova J. Public Religions in the Modern World. – University of Chicago Press, 1994, P 320

5.Huntington S. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. – New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996, рр.263-265.

6.Jenkins Ph. The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity . – New York: Oxford University Press, 2002., Р.270

7.Juergensmeyer M. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. — Berkeley,2003, pp.61-80

8.Philpott D. The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations // World Politics 52 (January 2000),pp 206-45

9.Оренбург М.Ю. Адаптационная модель тибетського буддизма в условиях глобальной модернизации // М: Межкультурная коммуникация: современная теория и практика. 2013.

Сс. 167-179, 288.

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10.Церпицкая O.Л. Миссии и представительства в системе зарубежных учреждений РПЦ // Обозреватель 2011 Сс 42-48

11.Церпицкая О.Л. Эволюция православной духовной миссии под влиянием процессов модернизации// М: Межкультурная коммуникация: современная теория и практика. 2013.

Сс. 197-204, 288.

12.Gözaydın, İştar . Religion as Soft Power in the International Relations of Turkey. // İstanbul Technical University, 2012

Dudova Tatiana

Master of International Politics – London City University

The concept of nonlinearity and uncertainty as a new challenging approach to international relations theory

This paper elaborates the vision of the nonlinear dynamics of the socio-political processes of modern society. Considering the conceptual analysis of the political picture of the world as a nonlinear, uncorrectable system is in the mutual interests of natural scientists and social scientists as an answer to the question of predicting events.

In the nonlinear representation of the world, the connection of phenomena is not necessarily proportional to the unique causes and consequences and cannot always be expressed explicitly or predict the system as a whole, which cannot be reduced to the sum of its parts and their functions. Nonlinearity means that events cannot be predicted with a given probability, but at the same time, to a certain extent, the flow of events has the property of self-organisation: the boundaries of the predictability of the mobile. The latter makes for inadequate planning and management in the normal (linear) sense.

The model of the international system simulates the processes of the movement of various resources that are moving to the result of interactions between political actors. Elements, which include not only the state and the interactions between them, form the so-called network that appears and disappears, allowing the system to adapt to changing conditions.

Special urgency to this direction has added to the political inability of science to explain the unexpected and dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, as well as added to the significant growth of chaos in international relations, caught in the redistribution of spheres of influence and the emergence of many new sources of conflict.

Small wars are no longer constrained by the superpowers. Therefore, if a nonlinear analysis will be mastered by social sciences, especially by theory of international politics, the substantial progress is expected in the development of their quality. This direction is also widely used for the development of new strategies and tactics of military operations in the transience of modern warfare and the deployment of parallel operations, non-rigid hierarchy of battle management. Yet, even with all the attractiveness of the method, by itself it does not solve the conceptual problems of political science, largely because of technology. In the recent past there was a boom due to the extensive involvement of the methods of game theory and behaviorism.

Today, due to a weakly developed formal system, which could be used to obtain quantitative data and the characteristics of the nonlinear paradigm, scientists could trace the dynamics of the political process in this way. Although, the primary objective for the study of the metaphorical process is a summary of the principles of thinking and of evaluative analysis of the situation. Thus, an important step in the development of this approach is the formulation of the concept nonlinearity in terms of political science and philosophy without using mathematical tools in conjunction with computer modeling.

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The concept of nonlinearity, which is based on the hypothesis of non-rationality of interaction between actors in the system, is a powerful means of interdisciplinary research, the use of which requires the fulfillment of certain conditions. The study of international relations in such conditions can primarily be attributed to the definition and formulation of research problems and is the correct setting of this study. Often, when this condition is not met, the application of the concept of nonlinearity, which requires the active use of mathematical tools and formal models, becomes ineffective, rising, in fact – a simple translation of the literary language in the language of mathematical symbols. Tautology in the use of terms in the context of the theory of nonlinearity could be prevented only by including these terms in a rigorous conceptual model.

The development of the methodology of international research and science has enabled a shift in emphasis on the concept of nonlinearity, if earlier, In particular, in the framework of the classical theories of international relations, the rationality of "actor" was the original position, which was taken as an axiom, that now has the opportunity to turn this situation on the hypothesis and be subjected to verification. This opens the way to a more productive use of the concept of nonlinearity and more reliable ways of generating scientific knowledge. Not explained in the framework of the classical theories, the nature of international relations has lead to different value systems, but its explanation may reveal more fundamental principles of relations between actors, thus, called upon to formulate the theory of a greater explanatory power.

There are some difficulties associated with the use of the concept of nonlinearity in the international studies. The main difficulties are the following: 1) the fundamental doubts about the possibility of formalising some of the parameters of the models of the international political situation, 2) the effect of the subjective factor, 3) the lack of reliable empirical basis for quantitative research and formal modeling, and 4) the limited number of participants in international relations. The latter circumstance is mainly due to the fact that the use of the law of large numbers is limited, thanks to it, it is possible to predict, for example, a "model" of rational behavior of groups of people in the economy, which has been faced in its time with identical problems.

Yet, the requirements set forth above, in particular, the need for the careful observation and description of the empirical data, are likely to lead to a reorientation of scientific research programs in international relations from the deductive scheme of the classical period, which is characterised by the construction of comprehensive general concepts that are only indirectly based on the facts: to actively use inductive methods designed to handle massive amounts of empirical data.

Ilyinykh Voctoriya

Ural State University

Efforts of the international community in coping with terrorism: a current state and perspectives

Since 1990s the numbers of terrorist attacks have increased which signifies that terrorism has become a serious threat to a common stability and global security. The core of the problem is that terrorism is exterritorial. Terrorists can hardly be traced geographically. Moreover, terrorists use civilians as their physical target that poses a threat to every person in our huge world.

What the states have already done referring to their domestic security is tightened it. For instance, the governments enhanced control in the airports, on the boarders, in the places where there are a lot of people. Furthermore, security police has risen its funding and also mass media mobilize society to fight against terrorism. The terror attack in the USA on 9 September provides the illustration of this. The Americans united around the government and supported its fight against terrorism. At 2002 the Congress adopted a law about the creation of Ministry of Home Security. At 2004 a coordinating center for special services was created [1 P. 152].

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Nevertheless, providing domestic security is not a final point of struggling. Taking it into account, the USA decided to lead a global coalition against terrorism. The coalition has already made bombing and deployed some ground forces [2]. Also many things were done in the framework of the organisation of United Nations. During the period if 1994–2009 13 resolutions were adopted4. Since 1963 about 16 conventions and agreements were made5. The Security Council created an antiterrorist committee to control the demands of the resolutions and help other states in their fight.

Not only the UN but also other organisations like Commonwealth of Independent States, G7 and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization implemented new organs and directives into their structure. OSCE chosen fight against terrorism as its prior direction of acting for 2005. Interpol took more authorities. For the reason of defending Europe from terrorism a question about only European net of security was risen. Even APEC discussed the problem despite the fact that the theme slightly differs from their usual economic issues [3].

The organisations and particular countries undertake measures in order to destruct terrorists. For example, operation that took place in Afghanistan against “Al-Kaida” in 2001 was highly important and significant. The results are cut of the strengths of “Al-Kaida” that wasn’t capable of creating a caliphate, but on the other hand world community could not defeat terrorism completely. Recent spread of ISIL proves it.

The USA claims that they fight against ISIL, but they refuse to cooperate with the government of Bashar Asad which is necessary in order to make bombing successful. “They do not make any significant efforts to fight ISIL” as says Sochail Machmud [4]. On the contrary, the Russian Federation works with Syria and makes efforts on Successes of the ISIL encourage other radical Islam adherents. It’s difficult to say how the situation about ISIL would develop in the nearest future because it depends on which measures will the world community undertake.

It has turned out that great powers are unable to defeat terrorists using classical ways of leading an armed fight. This fact means that in order to overcome the problem the states needs to unite their strengths and try to come up with completely new solutions. Like Andrey Kortunov the general director of the Russian Council on the International Relations on the 51st conference about security in Munich stated “warfare is not sufficient”. Governments have to use economic, social and politic methods to solve the problem of terrorism6. We also shouldn’t forget about Internet that is a powerful factor that “can help groups like ISIL coordinate operations, attract new recruits, disseminate propaganda, and inspire sympathizers across the globe to act in their name”7.

We have to notice that there are two tendencies nowadays. Alongside with more intensive cooperation, some countries of the antiterrorist coalition are just not able to defend themselves because of the lack of resources and strengths, others try to use informal ways of communicating with terrorists in order to avoid acts of violation on their territory and they unintentionally redirect actions of the terrorists on other countries. It is also a fact that the fight against terrorism is not a first priority for some states. In addition, other countries may still claim that terrorists are “fighters for freedom” and provide them with help. In addition, sometimes the low level of trust obstructs the common work, like in the case with the Russia Federation and the USA [5].

Until states stop non-officially sponsoring terrorists the problem will exist. Accepting all the difficulties at work inside of the coalition the further common actions are highly necessary in order to live in a peaceful world.

References

4Список деклараций на официальном сайте ООН http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/decl_terrorism.shtml

5Список соглашений на официальном сайте ООН http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conv_terrorism.shtml

6Интервью с генеральным директором Российского совета по международным делам А. Кортуновым http://russian.news.cn/world/2015-02/08/c_133978501.htm

7Interview with the director of the CIA John O. Brennan https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches- testimony/2015-speeches-testimony/director-brennan-speaks-at-the-council-on-foreign-relations.html

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1.Кулагин В. М. Международная безопасность [Электронный ресурс] : учебное пособие для студентов вузов / В. М. Кулагин. – М.: Аспект Пресс, 2007. – 318 с. URL: http://www.twirpx.com/file/797338/ (дата обращения: 06. 04. 2015).

2.Куклина И. Мировой терроризм и международные структуры обеспечения безопасности // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. – 2005. – №1. С 26–32.

3.Кутейников А, Жушма Ю, Михайличенко Н Транснациональный терроризм как знак [Электронный ресурс] / А. Кутейников [и др.] // Международные процессы : журнал теории международных отношений и мировой политики. URL: http://www.intertrends.ru/seven/009.htm#note39 (дата обращения: 07. 04. 2015).

4.Богдасарова Т. Новая война с терроризмом? [Электронный ресурс] /Т. Богдасарова //

РСМД / Ближний Восток . URL: http://russiancouncil.ru/inner/?id_4=4397#top (дата обращения:

07.04. 2015).

5.Avoiding catastrophic terrorism: lessons learned in a U.S. and Russia tabletop exercise [Electronic resource] // RSMD. – Washington : NTI, 2011. – P. 8. URL: http://russiancouncil.ru/library/?id_4=107 (дата обращения: 07. 04. 2015).

Kvitkina Linda

Far Eastern Federal University

The Right of Self-Determination and Modern Sovereignty

Usually the right of nation to self-determination is considered in context of a collision of two essential terms and principles of international law – the territorial integrity of a state and the right of a nation to self-determination. The question of state formation and the notion of sovereignty are of particular importance in consideration of international and world politics, while it shapes the vision of actors in international relations, whether these are states or, as in this situation, it might be a society with a particular identity. Therefore, the questions to be taken into account are the following: what is the role of the right to self-determination in world politics; in what way might it influence the formation of new world order and to what extent do the principle of territorial integrity and the right to self-determination contradict each other.

First of all, the period of modernity must be considered, exactly then the doctrine of the right to self-determination is considered to appear in 1918 in W. Wilson’s “Fourteen Points”, where it was stated that “every peace-loving nation, which, …, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression” [1]. Furthermore, this right of a nation shall be provided by the international organization – “a general association of nations…for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence” [1], which was further inherited by the United Nations (UN). Turning to the post-modern period, the main document underlining this right is, obviously, the Charter of the UN emphasizing this principle in articles 1 and 73, which was further referred to in documents as such: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (art. 21, para. 3), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (art. 1.3), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (art. 1.1), etc. Thus, in the post-modern period from 1945 up to present days we see the right of selfdetermination as an integral part of the International Law.

Throughout the history of the 20th century we have seen many examples of nations using the right to self-determination, however, it has caused a number of conflicts, which can be not only traced up to present, but which have a great impact on the policy of a state. Up to 2007 there remained Non-Self-Governing Territories not brought into the trusteeship system and of those the one case stands out – the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) [3]. In the conflict over the Falkland Islands having reached its peak in the Falklands War of 1982 there are two sides – the United Kingdom and the

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Argentine Republic – with one of the arguments being right of self-determination. From the side of Great Britain it was stated that according to this principle of international law, people living on the islands have the right to choose their citizenship and it was affirmed in 2013 by conducting referendum on the question of sovereignty of the Falklands resulted in 99,8% votes in favour of status quo [4]. Argentina, being the opponent, suggested that the results would obviously be of this kind, while most of the population is ethnically British, and the right to self-determination cannot be applied in this case. What is interesting, however, in this conflict, is the fact that the right of self-determination was used by population in 1982 and later not for the purpose of establishing their own government, but for saving the sovereignty of the Great Britain over the territory.

Furthermore, the actions of the British government were based not only on the will of the islands’ population, thus the society can be considered here as a political actor, but actions and interests were based mostly on identity of a population with the exact state as the integral part of it. According to the realist theories of International Relations, the interests and actions are formulated in the categories of power [5], however, considering the conflict as the matter solely of foreign policies exercised by parties to the conflict, does not give us the explanation why the islands were of any importance in increasing the influence of Argentina in the region. As well, turning to the theory proposed by R. Gilpin about the economic factors in formulating the foreign policy, precludes us from concluding that the Argentine government considered the benefits of owing two islands halfway to Antarctic higher than the costs of the conflict with one of the great powers with welldeveloped military technologies.

Considering the constructivist view on the conflict, it may be stated that the conflict itself and where it has eventually led, is possible only due to the structure existing in modern world. According to N. Onuf, not only legal norms, but rules in general (as he defines, instruction-rules, directiverules and commitment rules) allow states to act within the restrictions imposed by this rules [6]. Considering the Falkland islands, some of restrictions may include such factors as the question of prestige and identity of the United Kingdom as one of the great powers and the Argentine Republic as the military government with consciously taken role.

According to L. Brilmayer, the two seemingly contradicting principles work in tandem being a remedy for past injustices [7]. As we can see in some examples, such as the case of the Falkland Islands, the right may be applied not only to respond to “past injustices” and establish a new formation, but also to stay in frames of existing one. The implication of this right comes not only from the possibility to use it and not from a mere struggle for power; it arises from the identity of a society. The amount of still unresolved issues concerning the sovereignty and territorial integrity, allows us to conclude that not only the states and other political units are being formed in terms of using the right to self-determination, but that identities of political units are being constructed and influenced by this norm. The system of actors and their interactions is currently being constructed under the influence of the right of a nation to self-determination, which might be used even to preserve territorial integrity. The world order of modern and post-modern periods was enlightened with the notion of the right to self-determination, when the sovereignty started to change along with the identities. New structure of the world order will be formed through the interaction of political forces defined by the existing rules. And the rule, as the system of distribution of privileges [6], will be established, when the right to self-determination is exhausted and completely new conditions for existence and functioning of states arise.

References

1.President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points // The Avalon Project. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library – URL: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp

2.The Charter of the United Nations // United Nations – URL: www.un.org/en/documents/charter

3.UN Today / United Nations Department of Public Information // New York: Publishing Section. United Nations Headquarters, 2008 – p. 298

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4.Results of the Referendum on the Political Status of the Falkland Islands // Falkland Islands Government – URL: http://www.falklands.gov.fk/results-of-the-referendum-on-the-political-status- of-the-falkland-islands/

5.Essential Readings in World Politics / Mingst, K. A., Snyder, J. L. // New York: W. W. 8c Norton Company, Inc., 2004 – pp. 49 – 51

6.Onuf, N. Rule and Rules in International Relations // University of Helsinki. The Erik Castrén Institute of International Law and Human Rights – URL: http://www.helsinki.fi/eci/Events/Nicholas%20Onuf_Rule%20and%20Rules%20%204-2-14.pdf

7.Brilmayer, L. Secession and Self-Determination: A Territorial Interpretation // Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository. Faculty Scholarship Series – URL: http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3429&context=fss_papers

Lazuk Darya, Kovrigina Anastasia

Irkutsk Juridicial Institute of Academy

of State Office of Public Prosecutor

Value Conflict as a New Global Challenge

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among governments of different nations, driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the political systems, culture, economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.

Globalization is a controversial issue mainly because different groups see it in different ways. And the reason is the different meaning of the fundamental constitutional values. Values depend on historical background, cultural features, location and national conscience. For example, The Oxford Dictionary of Psychology provides the following definition: "Value is an abstract and general principle regarding model behaviors within a particular culture or society, which this society regards as very important. These social values form the core principles which integrate individual and national goals. Classic examples are freedom, justice, education, etc" [1].

According to the philosophical and sociological concept, values are referred to objects, phenomena and their properties, as well as abstract ideas that embody social ideals and acting as a benchmark due[2].

Recent law system reformation and the developing countries (such as BRICS members) rising on the world stage leads to revision of legal values. Western values are the result of various ideological influences of acute political and social conflicts, which for centuries have resulted in a formation that is called democracy.

A. Lincoln said once: "America is the last best hope of the Earth". Backing up this idea, four US congressmen - two Senators John McCain and Joseph Lieberman, and two members of the House of Representatives - Tom Lantos and Fred Wolf - introduced the Bill «Advance Democratic Values, Address Nondemocratic Countries, and Enhance Democracy Act» in March, 2005[3]. This project for the dissemination of democratic values has changed the world.

Offering their ideals to non-Western cultures the West often confronted with the negative reaction that leads to new conflicts. Ukrainian crisis as demonstrated convincingly this idea. For example, The Guardian published the opinion of D. Sawyer, MI6 ex-head: “The Ukraine crisis is no longer just about Ukraine. It’s now a much bigger, more dangerous crisis, between Russia and western countries, about values and order in Europe”[4].

Despite the fact there are general principles which are followed by every country such as justice and fairness. However, its content differs from each other. Moving to the point it is seems essential to compare constitutional values in different countries.

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Kravchuk Alexey

Far Eastern Federal University

Terrorism threat in Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and steps taken to overcome it

For some 15 years terrorism evolved from marginal practice into political strategy and became global transnational threat. Before the 9/11 attacks in the USA the issue of terrorism was not considered as a global threat. But since then the issue has reached new qualitative level in minds of the world community. Today the terrorism problem is one at the top agenda in international relations. This issue is very urgent for Russia as well. For last couple of decades Russia has suffered a number of terrorist attacks that are known almost to everyone in the country.

There are various definitions of “terrorism” that differs from each other in what features of terrorism are emphasized in it. The “most universally accepted” definition is the following: “terrorism is the use of violence to create fear for political, religious, or ideological reasons”[1]. So fear is the ultimate goal of terrorism. The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that draws the attention of the community to their cause. The effectiveness of a terror act lies not in the act itself, but in the public’s or government’s reaction to the act. Terror acts vividly show that government is not able to protect people’s life and to preserve law and order, and therefore it is responsible for that. At the certain time and in the certain place where terror act happened government lost its monopoly of power and new alternative power appeared in the area. That is the mechanism of political blackmail that terrorists use to discredit government.

Terrorism in Russia often pursues political and geopolitical interests. In our days the most difficult situation with terrorism is in the Russian Caucasus regions. Historically Caucasus and its adjacent areas had a huge geopolitical significance. The region was considered by different political forces as a bridgehead to the lands that are rich in hydrocarbons. Therefore terrorists here have multiple sources of financing basically from Russia’s “transoceanic partners” and Middle East “emirs” that have their own interests in the region. So we have to highlight that the most fertile ground for terrorism appears in the areas were geopolitical interests of different powers collide. And in this case terrorism is just a tool that one power uses to suppress another.

Today the Arctic has drawn more attention than ever before in its history. Reduction in sea ice in the Arctic Ocean is increasing access to the region’s rich natural resources deposits and opening new shipping routes. The global demand for natural resources makes the region very attractive. Russia is interested in peaceful and cooperative development of its Arctic zone and therefore respects the sovereignty of its neighbor states in the North. But sometimes our foreign partners show a certain disregard for Russian national interests in the region and even make attempts to foil some of the Russian Arctic projects. As an example in 2013 Greenpeace activists group using Norwegian vessel “Arctic Sunrise” tried to get to the Russian oil platform “Prirazlomnaya”. But due to the measures taken by the Russian Coast Guard all activists and the vessel were detained. According to the activists their actions were exclusively peaceful and the main purpose was to stop drilling of the well [2]. Let’s take a closer look at the actions of Greenpeace activists. They use Norwegian vessel to get to the Russian exclusive economic zone and to approach to the platform. Then by the cover of night they set afloat several small high speed boats. Each boat tugged some unknown floating object that easily could have been a bomb. Getting close to the platform activists started climbing it using mountaineering equipment but they failed to do so as water cannons were used to stop them. After failed attempt to assault the platform activists returned to the vessel and tried to escape. To detain the vessel Russian Coast Guard used a ship and a helicopter with a special force team. The whole situation was pretty much similar to some counter-terrorism exercises except for the fact that it was real.

Now let’s imagine that instead of the activists there was a group of terrorists with the task to blast the platform. We had an example of such catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. After the blast on the platform “Deepwater Horizon” owned by BP Company more than 4.2 billion barrels of

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oil have leaked to the environment. It took more than 3 months to seal the damaged well and BP spent around 42 billion USD on disaster relief operations [3]. But, if such an incident occur in the Arctic’s fragile environment, that will cause more serious damage. Today it is still unclear how to respond to oil spills in ice covered waters in the region with the lack of proper infrastructure. So the Arctic oil platforms could be the very tempting target for terrorists. Also the possible objects for terror attacks could be port facilities, nuclear icebreaking fleet, oil and LNG tankers, hydrocarbons storage places and pipelines. So the Russian authorities should provide special security measures on those objects to prevent any attempt of terror acts.

Taking into account the threat to oil industry in the Arctic Russian officials already have taken some measures to protect it. In 2014 president Putin signed amendments to the federal law on the protection of oil and gas objects and infrastructure. According to the new legislation, the Russian oil companies will be entitled to establish their own protection units [4]. So called “militarization of oil industry” is a necessary step that significantly contribute to the Arctic safety and security. In June 2014 Russian FSB forces conducted first ever counter-terrorism exercises at the Varandey oil terminal on the Pechora Sea coast. More than 500 servicemen were involved in the exercises. The training scenario included the elimination of terrorists who had taken hostages and occupied administrative buildings and the terminal facilities [5].

In conclusion it’s worth saying that Russia learned lessons from the Greenpeace provocation and took several significant steps to eliminate the threat of terrorism in the Arctic. Russian Ministry of Defense and FSB Coast Guard forces started forming multilevel security system around oil facilities. They play a key role in preventing terror attacks in the longand middle-range zone by monitoring air, surface and underwater situation. The same task in short-range zone and directly at oil industry facilities will be performed by protection units of oil companies. Apart from that Russia trains its counter-terrorism forces to respond to any terror attack in the region. All these steps should guarantee that Russian Arctic remains the “terrorism-free” zone in years to come and their proper implementation would facilitate further development of the region.

References

1.Matusitz J. Terrorism and Communication: A Critical Introduction // University of Central Florida. 2013. C. 4.

2.Сиразиев Т. Активисты «Гринпис» задержаны при попытке высадиться на российскую буровую платформу / URL: http://www.1tv.ru/news/social/242267 (дата обращения: 31.03.2015).

3.British Petroleum выплатит гигантский штраф за разлив нефти в Мексиканском заливе//

Вести.RU.: 16 января 2015 / URL: http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2279065&tid=79973 (дата обращения: 31.03.2015).

4.Staalesen A. Putin arms Arctic drillers// BarentsObserver.: 23.04.2014 / URL: http://barentsobserver.com/en/security/2014/04/putin-arms-arctic-drillers-23-04 (дата обращения: 31.03.2015).

5.Staalesen A. FSB trains counter-terrorism at Arctic oil installation// BarentsObserver.: 17.06.2014 / URL: http://barentsobserver.com/en/security/2014/06/fsb-trains-counter-terrorism- arctic-oil-installation-17-06 (дата обращения: 31.03.2015).

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