СБОРНИК -Россия 21 век

The critical meaning of the Spearman’s coefficient (p=0,05) is 0,68. The critical meaning of Student criteria is ttest=2,365 [6].

According to the calculations the strong correlation dependence is only between the number of at-

tracted students and the average wage indicator (Tcalculated>ttable).The dependence between scrutinized factors and the number of attracted students is low (low meanings of the Spearman’s coefficients).

It is very interesting that China and Canada are the single countries which increased their share of attracted students in comparison with 2000.The indicators of these countries are not typical. Let’s exclude China and Canada from the table and make calculations again. The results are shown in the table 3.

Table 3

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient for different groups of factors, experimental data

Sources: [1], [2], [3],[4],[5].

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All the Spearman’s coefficients’ meanings grew after excluding the indicators of China and Canada from the table. Most of the Spearman’s coefficients are near 0,5 (excluding the coefficient for the average living and studying annual costs).The critical level of the Spearman coefficient is 0,78 (p=0,05). The critical meaning of Student criteria is ttest= 2,57[6]. The concordation coefficient

is 0,6, X2fact=21,6, X2cr=18,5 (p=0,05) [7].

So we can say that correlation dependence is only between the level of average wages and the number of attracted students (Spearman’s coefficientfact>Spearman’s coefficientcr ).All the scrutinizing factors, excluding the average living and studying annual costs have meaning influence on the number of attracted students(Spearman’s coefficients are near 0,5). There is a strong correlation dependence between all the factors in common for 7 investigated countries(w=0,6, X2fact > X2cr ). It means that scrutinized factors have influence on the number of attracted students.

The growth of the Spearman’s coefficient in the result of experiment shows that China and Canada are not in one trend with other countries. But only these countries increased the number of attracted students in comparison with 2000.That means that these countries attract people in other way. The high life level is not their main factor to attract the students, besides in Canada it is very high.

If to talk about China it connected with high quality of education in this country (requiring all international standards) and its low price. Besides, China government twice increased the scholarship quota for foreign students. Such a big growth of interest to the education in China can be reasoned by the phenomenon growth of China’s economy and understanding of the importance of China language for the future career. Every company in China want to have a European looked worker with good Chinese [8].

Canada doesn’t offer a big scholarships, but attracts foreign students by the competent immigration policy. There are more work opportunities for international students in Canada in comparison with other countries [9].

Canada and China proved that to attract talented students for education to your country it is not necessary to provide them with high life level standard or to organize University like Oxford or Cambridge. To provide foreign students with good level of education, comfortable conditions for education and perspectives for future career and life is enough.

To attract foreign students governments should improve the life level of their countries and create comfortable conditions for education and opportunity for future professional realization. One of the most competent measures are good available scholarships and competent immigration policy, providing good life perspectives for foreign students.

References

1.Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/education-at-a glance_19991487;jsessionid=5f2pg6d0ld3tk.x-oecd-live-01

2.7sekretov.ru [Electronic resource]. URL: http://7sekretov.ru/world-ranking-2014.html

3.Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. URL:https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_% D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B 5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0 %B0%D1%82%D0%B5

4.Gmarket.ru [Electronic resource]. URL::http://gtmarket.ru/news/2014/07/24/6843

5.The newspaper «Vedomosti» [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.vedomosti.ru/management/articles/2013/08/13/samoe-dorogoe-obrazovanie-dlya- inostrancev-v-avstralii

6.Statpsy.ru[Electronic resource]. URL:: http://statpsy.ru/t-student/t-test-tablica.

7.Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B B%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%

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BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B8- %D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82

8.The newspaper «Rossiyskaya gazeta» [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.rg.ru/2014/10/08/obrazovanie.html

9.inosmi.by [Electronic resource]. URL::http://inosmi.by/2014/07/12/kanada-sozdast-oazis- dlya-inostrannyx-studentov/

Bazylnikov Oleg

Far Eastern Federal University

Energy cooperation of RF and PRC at the present stage

Since 2010, China is the main trading partner of Russia.[1]In 2014 the goods turnover between these countries constituted 88 billion dollars, the following trading partner of Russia is Germany – 76 billion dollars. In turn,Russia is included in the top 10 trading partners of China and takes the ninth position, which is only 2.24% of a cumulative goods turnover of China. The first three positions are taken by USA (404, 5 billion dollars), Hong Kong (252, 5 billion dollars), Japan (233, 1 billion dollars). The Russian-Chinese trade's rates of increase are above average values in China’s trade with other countries and amount 7% for January-September 2014.[1] It is necessary to take into account that from 2000 to 2014 trade volume between these countries grew more than by 10 times, from 8 billion dollars to 89,2 billion dollars.[2]

The main articles of the Russian export to the PRC are mineral fuel, oil and oil products. They constituted 71% of all export in 2014, since 2003 this article is the largest commodity group exported from Russia to China.The Second position 7,64% - wood and products from it, third 4,45% – non-ferrous metals. In turn, Russia generally imports from China machines and the equipment 33,75%, chemical goods 8,88% and footwear 6,01%. [1]

Energy cooperation between these countries has a long history.The first thoughts of energy cooperation appeared right after collapse of the USSR, but long time no actions were taken. Positive shifts in the field of energy cooperation between both countries began, when Russia overcame crisis of the nineties of the XXth century and Putin V. V. was elected as the president.As we have already noted, the share of supply of the Russian energy resources to China has been increasing every year since 2003. [1] That year, energy strategy of Russia was updated, one of which purposes was to ensure economic and energy safety of Russia, by diversification of energy resources' export directions, increasing deliveries especially to the countries of Northeast Asia. [3] In 2005 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' official representative of the PRC Liu Jianchao emphasized importance of cooperation with Russia in the sphere of power, mentioned plans to increase the volume of Russian oil supplies to China by rail.He also expressed his hope for further deepening of cooperation in this field. [4]

In 2006 during the trip to China PutinV.V. signed some memorandums on Russian energy resources' supplies to the PRC.State-owned companies "Gazprom" and "Rosneft" got the right to export energy resources to China.After it, “Gazprom” and Chinese National Petroleum Company(CNPC) signed a protocol "On the supply of Russian natural gas to China," where were recorded time, volumes, routes and principles of gas price formula. The gas was supposed to deliver along two routes: the western – through Altai region and the eastern – from Eastern Siberia. Then the long stage of details settlement had begun, it lasted until the beginning of 2014. [3] On May 21, 2014 in Shanghai, one of the largest in the history the delivery contract of the Russian pipeline gas to China along east route was signed. Gas pipeline the "Force of Siberia" will be constructed for these purposes. Its extent 4000km, productivity is 61 billion m3 of gas per year.The total price of the contract constituted 400 billion dollars for 30 years, and volume supply – 38billionm3 of gas per year.The price of this gas is approximately 350 dollars per 1000 m3. [5] We should not forget that

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China has arrangements with Turkmenistan on supply of natural gas. They supposed to increase supply volume to 65 m3 per year by 2020. The average price of Turkmen gas was 260 dollars per 1000m3in 2010 year, in 2011 in increased to 320 $. Even in 2014 it was cheaper by 20 $ than the Russian one.However, it is notonly because of economic reasons, but because of the political. [6] In 2009, the Russian company "Rosneft" agreed with China about supply of 300 million tons of crude oil within 20 years along the oil pipeline "Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean". In June 2013, “Rosneft” and “CNPC” announced about new arrangement of oil supply in sizes of 300 thousand barrels a year within 25 years.Deliveries have begun in July 2013 by the ESPO oil pipeline. [7]

Another form of cooperation between Russia and China is exploration of energy resources. Russian oil companies are opening more and more new projects for investors from China.Because of the sanctions of the West, "Rosneft" has not impossibility of crediting and suggests to the Chinese investors to purchase a share in development of the Vankorsky oil field in Altai region. Prospects of this project are quite great; the both parties will receive the benefit. [8]

In addition to export of energy resources Russia and China participate in joint projects of this area. The Tianwan NPP is one of such – the largest object of economic cooperation between Russia and China in the field of energy.This project is implementation of the intergovernmental agreement about cooperation in a construction in the PRC nuclear power plant, which was signed on December 18, 1992.Construction works began in 1998, about 150 Russian companies and organizations took part in them. The first and second energy blocks were put in operation in 2007, and they were officially accepted as operational in 2010.The contract for a construction of objects of the second queue, namely the third and the fourth power units, was signed at the same year.Works are planned to finish till the end of 2017, project cost - 1,3 billion€. [9] Another joint project of Russia and China (to be exact "Rosneft" (share – 49%) and "CNPC" (share – 51%)) is creation of a petroleum-refining and petrochemical complex in Tianjin (the PRC). Within the project is supposed to build large petrochemical installations. In addition, the project provides the creation of retail network of 300 gas stations. In 2014 "Rosneft" and "CNPC" agreed about schedule of oil supply for processing at the oil refinery.According to it, the plant will be started at the end of 2019. [10]

Using available data, we can say that energy cooperation with China is very profitable for Russia.Certainly, tendencies on growth of energy resources' supply will increase, quantity of joint projects will grow, the size of goods turnover will have reached 100 billion dollars by the end of 2015. Economic cooperation, which goes into political is very important and has big perspectives.Buying Russian gas, on the one hand, China is diversifying its economy, on the other hand itgets political ally. In turn, Russia amplifies positions in the East during the Western sanctions.

These countries are the largest neighbors, two world powers, which are interested in beneficial cooperation.Of course, the potential of China at this stage of development is higher than of Russia. It can negatively affect on conditions of contracts for Russia.After all the PRC pursues patient, tough and profitable for them policy.In that case the most dangerous situation for Russia is Chines monopsony as a single importer of Russian gas in the Eastern Asia.

References

1.Russian-Chinese trade and economic cooperation // VED.GOV.RU: foreign trade information portal. 2014. URL: http://www.ved.gov.ru/exportcountries/cn/cn_ru_relations/cn_ru_trade/

2.Trade and economic cooperation between Russia and China: a tenfold increase // ITARTASS.COM: news portal. 10.11.2014 .URL: http://itar-tass.com/ekonomika/1499052

3.Stepanov A.M. Features of Contract of the Century // NEZAVISIMAYA GAZETA. 10.10.2014. URL: http://www.ng.ru/ng_energiya/2014-10-14/12_contract

4.Answers of Foreign Ministry Spokesman Liu Jianchao to correspondents' questions at the press conference June 23, 2005 // FMPRC.GOV.CN: Portal of Chinese Foreign Ministry. 23.06.2005. URL: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/rus/xwfw/fyrth/lxjzhzhdh/t201345ract

5.At the price agreed // EXPERT.RU: news portal. 21.05.2014. URL: http://expert.ru/2014/05/21/po-tsene-dogovorilis/

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6.Turkmenistan looks good instead of Russia // Kommersant newspaper. 09.05.2013. URL: http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2271623

7.Big Oil will go to China // ROSNEFT. 06.25.2013. URL: http://www.rosneft.ru/news/news_about/25062013.html

8.China was invited to Vanqor // ITAR-TASS.COM: news portal. 01.09.2014. URL: http://itar-tass.com/ekonomika/1414019

9.Tianwan NPP 3, 4 (China) // ATOMSTROYEXPORT. 2012. URL: http://www.atomstroyexport.ru/about/projects/current/tyanvan_3_4/

10.The construction of a oil refinery in China and the Far East NHC // ROSNEFT. 2014. URL: http://www.rosneft.ru/Downstream/refining/Construction/

Kazakova Yulia

National Research University Higher School of Economics

Non-financial statements as an opportunity for BRIC countries to allocate investments

This paper examines the role of the sustainability reporting and its features in BRIC countries. Using the open sources of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) the information about the indicators of sustainability report is collected. Sustainability reporting creates real opportunity for BRIC countries to allocate capital inflows and to develop global economy.

Natural resources today are considered to be a vital part of our life; however, an abundance of natural resources means the resource curse, known as the paradox of plenty, that makes economies dependent on energy price and prevents domestic industries from development. The paradox refers to developing countries enriched with fuels and non-renewable energy resources.

BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) countries are believed to be developing economies that have a huge potential but highly depend on energy markets. South Africa doesn’t have the same opportunities as BRIC countries now but is able to reach them in the future. [2][6] U.S. Energy Information Administration compiles a rank that sorts top world oil producers by the amount of thousand barrels production per day. Russia is placed on the third position with 10,764 thousand barrels/day, China follows Russia and produces 4,459 thousand barrels/day, Brazil is on the eleventh place producing 2,964 thousand barrels/day. Sorting countries by oil consumption determines BRIC countries to divide the first six places in the following order: 2) China - 10,303; 4) Russia -3,515; 5) India-3,509; 6) Brazil 2,998. [3] It seems clear that developing countries have a huge demand for capital and investments that will sponsor scientific researches and energy production. Because of the economy specialization oil companies have an enormous impact on the countries’ financial structure.

In the market economy financial markets allocate cash inflows and outflows providing companies with capital and investments. Companies attract money releasing shares and bonds. Bonds are counted as Liabilities and used as a financial leverage but it could not increase infinitely. The Debt/Equity Ratio should be measured and not exceed the coefficient 0,25 – 1 according to basic tax rules when the company can be considered as a trustworthy without any doubts.

The Balance sheets in 2014 of two global companies were investigated. American company ExxonMobil in 2014 had $168,429 million total liabilities and $181,064 million total equities that makes the Debt/Equity Ratio equal to 0,92. German company Shell had the Debt/Equity Ratio to be equal to 1, 04 ($180 330/ $172 286). This coefficient shouldn’t be considered as the only index of a successful doing business, however, it indicates the proportion of shares and bonds released.

Buying shares means that investors believe in company to prosper in the foreseeable future whereas purchasing bonds is only one of the means to save money from inflation. Bashneft the biggest oil company in Russia presented Financial statement in 2014 where the Debt/Equity Ratio equaled to 320 029 / 203 652 = 1, 57. It means that the company released bonds and would have to

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pay interest in the future. Russian companies have a huge loan and eventually they will have to pay it back. In December 2014 the date of payments came but companies didn’t have foreign currency. Domestic currency devaluation appeared to have happen in the fourth quarter in 2014.

How to pursue investors to purchase shares and to invest in company instead of investing in financial derivatives? Unbalanced global economy is influenced by such factors as forced and compulsory labor, internal frauds, wasting of energy resources and discrimination of particular groups. Sustainability reporting is a recent development that promotes the principles of fair trading, investing in new technologies and scientific researches. [3] In the Western companies non-financial statement indicators are taken under scrutiny.

Business is trying to create strong reputation in order to make investors confident about the future performance and its role in financial markets. Share prices are volatile so that these prices could stay at the level of «junk bonds» because of any reported allegation in news according to fundamental analysis. The high quality of sustainable report makes investors more confident about the future perspectives of a particular firm. A global management consulting firm A.T. Kearny examined profits and losses of a diversity amount of companies and came to the conclusion that sustainability reporting helps firms to increase their capitalization up to $650 million.[2] Social, governance, economic and environmental operations are presented in non-financial statements - four indicators that include basic information about company’s activity. These four key areas play a huge role in building up strong connections between a company and investors. It is a regular monitoring of sustainability performance that makes investors confident about the future of a particular firm. The global economy combines long term profitability based on ethical behavior and social justice that is why sustainability reporting is a vital resource for managing change inside the company performance and structure.

In Western countries non-financial statement is obligatory. There are no strict rules and requirements about how the sustainability reporting should be produced although Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) set a number of indicators that should be disclosed. GRI was founded in 1999 and since then it has been developing and promoting the reporting system that enables organizations to measure risk of their everyday performance. [5] In Russia non-financial statements are not obligatory, however, if company wants their shares to be purchased releasing sustainable reporting will make the company reliable. A life cycle of a company that cuts down trees and doesn’t care about reforestation can’t be considered as long-term and perspective. Eventually, fertile topsoil may be entirely destroyed, leaving only dust, bare rock and no perspectives for doing business and money in the future, if company doesn’t disclose some indicators, questions might definitely emerge.

The Average disclosure index (ADI) in this paper for BRIC companies in energy sector was counted. In 2014 in Brazil ADI of 10 companies equaled to 53%, in Russia (19 companies) 94%, India (4 companies) 75% and China (1 company) 100%. (Counting attached) In BRIC countries non-financial statement wasn’t released by all companies operating in energy sector. It might be considered as a reason of why capital inflows were not incentive. This new way of revealing information about every day activity will help companies to reduce damaging influence on the ecology and to ensure foreign investors in future perspective developments.

Sustainability reporting is a new institute that encourages companies to take care of our environment. [6] Making non-financial statements releasing obligatory will increase interest of foreign investors in BRIC companies and allocate capital inflows.

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References

1. A.T. Kearney «Green Winners» http://www.atkearney.ru/documents/10192/178350/green_winners.pdf/8a608fc4-a799-4972-b524- 975814df1a0e

2.Armijo, Leslie Elliott. "The BRICs countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) as analytical category: mirage or insight?." Asian Perspective (2007): 7-42.

3.Brown, Halina Szejnwald, Martin De Jong, and Teodorina Lessidrenska. "The rise of the Global Reporting Initiative: a case of institutional entrepreneurship."Environmental Politics 18.2

(2009): 182-200.

4.http://www.eia.gov/

5.https://www.globalreporting.org

6.O'Neill, Jim. Building better global economic BRICs. New York: Goldman Sachs, 2001.

Kuzmina Alisa

Far Eastern Federal University

The lack of a scientifically-substantiated development strategy of Sino-Russian relations as a factorstrengthens negative influence of sanctions towards the Russian Federation

The scientifically-substantiated system of measures focused on the realization of national interests and the resolution of national problems are important features and formulas for the success of every country. Usually, it is expressed by developing similar views on human values with the partner nation.

Sino-Russian relations are defined as «good-neighborliness and friendly cooperation» [1]. Both sides concur that the contemporary world has been changing in the process of globalization and dependence on other nations has been growing. Despite the fact that the last few years of SinoRussian relations have been characterized as active ones, they are often limited because the Russian Federation has not had a substantiated strategy of cooperation. It is shown in low stimulation of bilateral trade, for instance, in mechanical production. Very important to notice, is that there are no trained professionals in the sphere of political risks in Russia. In many instances, this is the determining factor of slow cooperation. According to the Consulate General of the Russian Federation in China, there are no official assumptions between Russian regions and Hong Kong - the world's fastest rising financial center. Many Russian companies are interested to work in Hong Kong’s stock market but it is still hard to find trained professionals and learning materials about China’s finance sector. The country’s economy began expanding in the direction of the dynamic Asia-Pacific Region a long time ago. Nevertheless, all recognize that the real reorientation to the direction of Asia began only in March 2014 – after the first Western sanctions were imposed against Russia due to the crisis in Ukraine. In light of possible future sanctions and the continual limitation of energy export to Europe, Russia has to choose a new level of Sino-Russian relations. It is almost unreal to rich this goal without strong analytical basement. «There are no analytical centers in Russia that study the Business Councils of every developed country with China. » [2] - wrote Alexander Gabuev in his article. «Gosudarstvo ushlo is kitaistiki» [The government left the sinology] – this is the name of his work in which the important problems of Russian policy towards China are shown. The main problem is that the Russian government is not interested in the work of sinologists. Some young specialists appear just because of their curiosity and cognitive need, but there is no merit of school. For a long time, the main research organization in Russia that specialized in modern China has been the Institute of the Far East. Before the fall of the Soviet Union, the Institute had about 500 employees; now they only have 147. Scientists write several dozen articles per year print the main Sinological magazine in Russia «Problemi Dalnego Vostoka» [Problems of the Far East], publish monographs (officially, circulation should be no less than 500 copies, but actually there are less).

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In comparison with Russia, the situation in China has been developing in another way. There are large analytic companies specialized in Russian Studies, even in Beijing’s corporate headquarters.

The crisis caused by Western sanctions and the drop in the global oil price clearly showed the importance of building mutually beneficial cooperative relationships with China. It suggests that the two countries have to be committed to develop their cooperation in many different spheres. Vladimir Putin wrote in his article «Russia and the changing world» that «China's economic growth is by no means a threat, but a challenge that carries colossal potential for business cooperation - a chance to catch the Chinese wind in the sails of our economy. We should seek to more actively form new cooperative ties, combining the technological and productive capabilities of two countries…». [3] However, a real pivot to Asia has not yet occurred. It requires getting deep knowledge about the partner and cannot be achieved without a strong analytical and research base. Consequently, it becomes an urgent task to develop a scientifically-substantiated development strategy of Sino-Russian relations in various spheres in order not only to confront a crisis situation but also to provide a good basis for the development of relations between the two countries. In this area, an active role should be played not only by the academic organization of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation, but also by universities of the two countries, including the Far Eastern Federal University, which has experience in this area.

References

1.См: Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation/URL: http://www.voltairenet.org/article173177.html

2.См: Александр Габуев/Государство ушло из китаистики/, /Коммерсантъ/ URL: http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2593673. (дата обращения:15.03.2015)

3.См: Vladimir Putin on foreign policy: Russia and the changing world/ URL: http://valdaiclub.com/politics/39300.html

4.См: Li Lifan and Wang Chengzhi/Energy Cooperation Between China and Russia: Uncertainty and Prospect of Development/Russian analytical digest No. 164 February 2015/ URL: http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/RAD-163.pdf

5.См: Е. И. Сафронова/Значение гуманитарного сотрудничества стран ШОС и интересы России/Китай в мировой и региональной политике. История и современность. Выпуск XIX: ежегодное издание/сост., отв. Редактор Е. И. Сафронова / - М: ИДВ РАН, 2014. – 408 с.

6.См: И. А. Насибов/Новая программа стимулирования экономики Китая/Вестник МГИМО Университета /Выпуск №6 (27) /2012/ URL: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/novaya- programma-stimulirovaniya-ekonomiki-kitaya

Lisogurskii Kirill

Khabarovsk State Academy of Economics and Law

Migration Process in the Russian Far-East

Within the report, population migration is considered as a movement of people from one region of the world to another. According to Russian scientist O.D. Vorobyov, migration of the population is "any territorial population movements associated with the intersection of both external and internal boundaries of administrative-territorial units in order to change a permanent residence or temporary residence for study or work regardless of prevailing under the influence of some factors it occurs – attracting or expelled".

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Migration can be international (movement between different countries) or intranational (movement within a country, often from rural to urban areas). Migration has become a common trend and more people are increasingly migrating now in different ways and for different reasons. They move in order to improve their standard of living, to give their children better opportunities, or to escape from poverty, conflict and famine.

Scientists identify various types of migration, such as: external and internal;

seasonal migration of tourists and farm workers; migration from rural to urban areas, taking place in developing countries in the process of industrialization (urbanization); migration from cities to the countryside, which is more common in developed countries (ruralisation); nomadism and pilgrimage; temporary and long-term; cross-border or transit.

According to classification forms, migration can be socially organized and disorganized. Stages of migration are classified by sociologists like: decision making, territorial movement and adaptation. Reasons for migration are also classified as following: social, economic, cultural, military, political.

The current review of migration issues is important for the following reasons. Social changes over past two decades have dramatically changed the political and social situation in the former Soviet Union, and millions of people were made being migrants. Generally, in the XX century, there was an intense expansion of migration flows, and by the end of the century migration phenomenon has become a contributing factor for all global problems.

The research of migration is done due to the following circumstances:

-Expansion of the legal field and focus of the international community on human rights issues, which, of course, include the right to free movement;

-Urgent need to make the migration analysis taking into account the objectives, tasks and content in specific Russian regions and extent of its impact on other areas of public relations;

-Changing social and political dimensions of the political neoplasms development, adoption and implementation of laws, infringe of other ethnic populations’ rights;

-Need for scientific understanding socio-political orientation relationship between migrants themselves, as well as between migrants and local population.

The Foreign Policy Concept of the RF noted that Russia sees its task as to protect rights and interests of the Russian citizens and compatriots abroad on the international law basis and existing bilateral agreements. It will seek to make adequate provision for rights and freedoms of compatriots in states where they constantly live, as well as to maintain and develop comprehensive ties with them and their organizations.

Consequences of migration are shown in various spheres: political, social, economic, cultural, psychological, and others. Moreover, these effects are both positive and negative, thus becoming a source of conflict. All this determines the relevance of studying political and legal problems in regulating migration.

Since the early 90s, many special works were devoted to migration issues, they reflected dramatic social and political changes that took place before and after the Soviet Union collapse. Most of them had strong ethnic orientation. Within last few decades, considerable space has also been paid to the problem of social and cultural adaptation in another ethnic or other medium. But what characterizes contemporary migration processes in Russia?

According to statistics, over past 10-12 years, the migration processes in Russia are characterized by the following features: - permanent migration gradually decreases, total number of registered migration movements, both internal and external, have declined by more than two and a half times – from

6.3million in 1989 to 2.4 million in 2001; - the proportion of internal migrations in the total volume of migration (including migration exchange with the CIS and Baltic countries) increased from 65 to almost 90%; - as part of the population is dominated by working aged migrants, that accounts to 3/4 of the total number, all flows of migrants dominated by women, mainly due to the older age group. The Far East is mostly distanced from the capital and the historic center of the region. One of its main demographic characteristics is its small population comparing to its area (36.4% of the Russian Federation). The average population density of the region is 1.0 persons per square kilometer. The highest density (11.8 people) is in Primorye, the lowest (0.1 people) – in Chukotka.

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And what happened 150 years ago? For those wishing to explore the Far East was introduced a number of significant new benefits. 10 years have been extended benefits relating to the acquisition of land, exemption from taxes and military service. Directions from Odessa to Vladivostok were declared to be free. Each migrant received food: 60 pounds of flour and 10 pounds of cereal for a month and a half. For setting-up and for construction of houses a family received $ 100 dwellings, a pair of horses, cows and seeds. If we consider that besides migrant freed the homeland of all area, it becomes clear that number of those, who wish to move to new locations increased. Decision to resettle peasants in the Far East at the expense of the Treasury was assumed as a three-year experiment (1883-1886).

The Soviet government has attracted people to the Far East with the help of high wages and better living conditions. In Soviet times, the demographic policy was refocused on industrial agriculture. New cities and large industrial enterprises were built, and the Baikal-Amur Railroad was laid. In the Far East and Siberia, the population of new cities and towns like Norilsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Novy Urengoy, Nefteyugansk, Noyabrsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilim, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Tynda and others grew mainly because of migrants. From 1926 to 1991, the population grew from 2.6 million to 8.0 million people, which amounts to 3.1 times. Until 1991, population growth in the Far East was the highest in Russia. Last recorded maximum population in the region – 8 056.6 thousand people (noted January 1, 1991). It was the first time when the population had decreased. The demographic situation began to take shape under the influence of economic crisis and the decline in living standards, the transformation of socio-economic system, imperfect system of social protection for families with children, modifications of priorities in value orientations. In 2014, the rate of population of the region was just over 6.2 million people [1].

Table 1

Statistics of population in Far Eastern Federal District from 1991 to 2014

Far Eastern territories suffered the greatest losses of the population among Russian northern regions, especially the Chukotka Autonomous District, Kamchatka region, Magadan and Sakhalin regions.

Economic situation and social aspects which make people to move to the West of Russia or abroad

As consequence of economic transformation and the loss was lagging behind the region's real incomes and standard of living average in the country. That contributed to the expulsion of people from the region, first to the European part of the country, and then to other CIS countries.

The regional factors include: difficult climatic conditions, which involve higher costs for health maintenance, acquisition and maintenance of children clothes, falling incomes; poorly developed areas and accessibility; remoteness from industrial centers, in terms of growth in transportation tariffs contributes to the loss of the main sources of supply and markets in the European part of Russia

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