maximal expiratory airflow and how they can be altered in disease states.
Suggested readings
Albertine K.H. Anatomy of the lungs V.C. Broaddus, R.J. Mason, J.D. Ernst, et al. Murray and Nadel’s textbook of respiratory medicine 6th ed. 2016; Elsevier Philadelphia 3-21.
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Fahy J.V. & Dickey B.F. Airway mucus function and dysfunction New England Journal of Medicine 2010;363: 2233-2247.
Gohy S.T, Hupin C, Pilette C. & Ladjemi M.Z. Chronic inflammatory airway diseases: The central role of the epithelium revisited Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2016;46: 529542.
Kajstura J, Rota M, Hall S.R, Hosoda T, D’Amario D, Sanada F., et al. Evidence for human lung stem cells New England Journal of Medicine 2011;364: 1795-1806.
Leslie K.O. & Wick M.R. Lung anatomy K.O. Leslie & M.R. Wick. Practical pulmonary pathology: A diagnostic approach 3rd ed. 2018; Elsevier Philadelphia 1-13.
Ma J, Rubin B.K. & Voynow J.A. Mucins, mucus, and goblet cells Chest 2017;154: 169-176. Mazzone S.B. & Canning B.J. Autonomic neural control of the airways Handbook of Clinical
Neurology 2013;117: 215-228.
Mazzone S.B. & Undem B.J. Vagal afferent innervation of the airways in health and disease
Physiological Reviews 2016;96: 975-1024.
Mehran R.J. Fundamental and practical aspects of airway anatomy: From glottis to segmental bronchus Thoracic Surgery Clinics 2018;28: 117-125.
Parker D. & Prince A. Innate immunity in the respiratory epithelium American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2011;45: 189-201.
Pincus A.B, Fryer A.D. & Jacoby D.B. Mini review: Neural mechanisms underlying airway hyperresponsiveness Neuroscience Letters 2021;751: 135795.
Proskocil B.J. & Fryer A.D. β2-Agonist and anticholinergic drugs in the treatment of lung disease Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 2005;2: 305-310.
Schwartzstein R.M. & Parker M.J. Respiratory physiology: A clinical approach 2006; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia.
Tam A, Wadsworth S, Dorscheid D, Man S.F. & Sin D.D. The airway epithelium: More than just a structural barrier Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 2011;5: 255-273.
Voynow J.A. & Rubin B.K. Mucins, mucus, and sputum Chest 2009;135: 505-512.
West J.B. & Luks A.M. West’s respiratory physiology—the essentials 11th ed. 2021; Wolters Kluwer Philadelphia.
Widdicombe J.G. Autonomic regulation. i-NANC/e-NANC American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998;158: S171-S175.
Widdicombe J.H. & Wine J.J. Airway gland structure and function Physiological Reviews 2015;95: 1241-1319.
*This discussion uses a model based on the equal pressure point concept. A different model based on wave speed theory probably provides a more accurate conceptual framework for expiratory flow limitation, but it is far more complicated and beyond the scope of this discussion.