8.Translate into English.

1. Адресу відправника та дату у ділових листах пишуть справа.

2. Місяць відправлення листа не можна писати цифрами, його пишуть буквами та ніколи не скорочують.

3. Заключні форми залежать від звертання.

4. Абзаци тексту листа можна виділяти червоним рядком.

5. Посилки звичайно позначають порядковий номер листа та ім'я машиністки або секретаря.

6. Абревіатура [ENC] на конверті вказує на наявність вкладок у листі.

7. Фраза «до уваги» використовується, якщо ім'я або посада одержувача невідомі.

8. Секретарі звичайно використовують (р.р.), коли вони підписують листа від імені свого начальника.

9. Скороченням “Dear Sir” починають лист, якщо не знають імені людини, до якого звертаються.

10. Після роспису необхідно надрукувати ім'я та посаду відправника листа.

9. You want to continue your education abroad (choose any country, college or University). Write your own covering letter for this purpose.

Sample Functional Resumé

	Michelle Bykowski 3205 S. Fifth St. Kankakee, Illinois 60453 (815) 937 – 1492
Employment Objective	A secretarial/clerical position that offers an opportunity to use my communication skills
Secretarial Skills:	Composed and typed letters, reports and proposals for a company resource centre. Type 70 wpm. Received and directed all phone calls for an office of 15 people. Acquired competency in 16-line switchboard, ditto, mimeograph, 10-key adder, dictaphone, and processor through secretarial training course.
Organisational Skills:	Set up and maintained files for the school records of 240 students. Ordered and stocked production materials for easy flow of manufacturing process. Developed resource file of customer information for a large customer service department.
Communication Skills:	I have extensive working with the public as a bank teller, a receptionist, and a student resource specialist. I deal constructively with conflict and have a knack for putting people at case. My written communication skills include proof reading and copying, editing abilities, as well as letter and report writing.
Work Experience:	2 years Joliet High School, Joliet, Ill. Student Resource Specialist 3 years Hoffman’s Electronics, Urbana. Ill. Production Control Department Head 2 years Sears Roebuck & Co., Ill. Customer Service Representative. 1 year Wells Fargo Bank, Kankakee, Ill. Teller
Education:	1986 Secretarial Training Course (3 months) Bourbonnais Community College, Bourbonnais, III

FORM FOR A FUNCTIONAL RESUMÉ

(NAME)
(ADDRESS)
(CITY, State, Zip)
(Telephone Number)
Employment objective:
Skill Areas:
(Name of Skill Area)		(Description of accomplishments, achievements, abilities, and knowledge gained through work experience, training, hobbies, community activities, etc.)
Work Experience:
(from – to)	(Name of Company/City, State)
(Job Title)
(from – to)	(Name of company/City, State)
(Job Title)
Education:
(from – to)	(Diploma/Degree/Certificate/Courses Studied)
	(Name and location of school)
(from – to)	(Diploma/Degree/Certificate of Courses Studied)
	(Name and location of school)

SAMPLE CHRONOLOGICAL RESUMÉ

	Amy Marcella 16706 Panorama Drive Santa Cruz, CA 95064 (408) 429-9999
EMPLOYMENT OBJECTIVE:	A challenging position with opportunity for advancement in the Accounting Field
WORK EXPERIENCE:
Sept 1978 – present	Maynard’s Woodwords, Ben Lomond, CA Assistant Manager Supervised all phases of production. Planned, created and implemented marketing strategies. Developed and maintained accounting and inventory control systems.
June 1976 – July 1978	Diamond Glass, St. Louis, MO Office Manager Organised files, typed correspondence, received and directed telephone calls and performed light bookkeeping functions.
VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE:	Artisan’s Cooperative, Davenport, CA Cashier/Sales Clerk Assisted customers with purchases, handled cash transactions. Attended monthly meetings where I was involved with management and decision-making.
EDUCATION: Feb 1986	Certificate of Completion from a 480 hour Accounting Training Course, Technical Centre, Santa Cruz, CA. Coursework included accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, writing financial reports and maintaining general and subsidiary ledgers.

FORM FOR A CHRONOLOGICAL RESUMÉ

(Name)
(Address)
(City, State, Zip)
(Telephone Number)
EMPLOYMENT OBJECTIVE:
WORK EXPERIENCE:
(from – to) (Name of Employer)
(Position Title)
Duties:
(from – to) (Name of Employer)
(Position Title)
Duties:
(from – to) (Name of Employer)
(Position Title)
Duties:
EDUCATION:
(from - to )	(Diploma/Degree/Certificate/Courses Studied)
	(Name and Location of School)
(from - to )	(Diploma/Degree/Certificate/Courses Studied)
	(Name and Location of School)
SPECIAL SKILLS:

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

Unit 1

Who First Thought of the Alphabet?

The letters of an alphabet are really sound signs. Those of the English alphabet are based on the Roman alphabet, which is about 2,500 years old. The capital letters are almost exactly like those used in Roman inscriptions of the third century B.C.

Before alphabets were invented men used pictures to record events or communicate ideas. A picture of several antelopes might mean "Here are good hunting grounds", so this was really a form of writing. Such "picture writing" was highly developed by the ancient Babylonians, Egyptians, and Chinese.

In time, picture writing underwent a change. The picture, instead of just standing for the object that was drawn, came to represent an idea connected with the object drawn. For example, the picture of a foot might indicate the verb "to walk". This stage of writing is called "ideographic", or "idea writing".

The trouble with this kind of writing was that the messages might be interpreted by different people in different ways. So little by little this method was changed. The symbols came to represent combinations of sounds. For example, if the word for "arm" were "id', the picture of an arm would stand for the sound of "id". So the picture of an arm was used every time they wanted to convey the sound "id". This stage of writing might be called "syllabic writing".

The Babylonians and Chinese and the Egyptians never passed beyond this stage of writing. The Egyptians did make up a kind of alphabet by including among their pictures 24 signs which stood for separate letters or words of one consonant each. But they didn't realize the value of their invention.

About 3,500 years ago, people living near the eastern shore of the Mediterranean made the great step leading to our alphabet. They realized that the same sign could be used for the same sound in all cases, so they used a limited number of signs in this manner and these signs made up an alphabet.

A development of their alphabet was used by the Hebrews and later the Phoenicians. The Phoenicians carried their alphabet to the Greeks. The Romans adopted the Greek alphabet with certain changes and additions and handed it down to the people of western Europe in the Latin alphabet. From this came the alphabet we use today.

Unit 2

SOME FACTS ON THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION

First schools probably appeared in Egypt and taught reading, physical education and good behaviour. Training lasted from about the age of 5 to 17 and was monotonous and not very interesting. For example, children learned to write by copying the same literary selections again and again.

The ancient Greeks (about 700 B.C. to about 330 B.C.) made the greatest educational progress of ancient times.

Ancient Greece was divided into independent city-states . Athens and Sparta were the most powerful among them. Both of these states gave education only to the children of the richest citizens, but the types of education were different. In Sparta, boys were given military education but very few learned to read and write.

Unlike the Spartans, the Athenians thought it important to educate the mind as well as the body. Boys studied “the three R’s”: reading, writing, arithmetic as well as music, dancing, and gymnastics. From ages 16 to 20, they attended gymnasiums sponsored by the government. Young men were taught the art of war and some other subjects to become citizen-soldiers. Students also had discussions in order to improve their reasoning and speaking ability.

During the 400’s and 300’s B.C., Athens produced such great philosophers and teachers as Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates. About 387 B.C., Plato founded a school of philosophy that became known as the Academy. Some scholars believe the Academy was the world’s first university.

Most Athenian girls received no formal education. They mainly learned how to prepare food, make clothing, and care for infants.

After about 600 B.C., a high civilization began to develop in Rome. Unlike the Athenians, The Roman empire provided schooling for girls as well as for boys. The schools were sponsored by the government. Children of wealthy families were taught “the three R’s”, Greek and Latin grammar and literature. The Romans also established institutions of higher learning. These institutions were schools of rhetoric, which prepared young men for careers in law and government.

The first modern universities developed in Europe during the 1100’s. They began as collections of scholars organized into corporations. Universities grew up in competition with the schools attached to monasteries and cathedrals. Entry was open to any free man (but not woman!) who could pay the fees – there were no entrance examinations. By 1500, nearly 80 universities had been founded in Europe, among them being the University of Paris in France, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in England, the University of Bologna in Italy, Heidelberg in Germany.

In Kiev Rus cultural and educational centers were monasteries. They had large libraries, made books, and established schools. In Ukraine, the oldest institutions of higher learning were Kiyv-Mohyla Academy and Kharkiv Collegium. The Collegium was transformed from a Slavonic-Greek-Latin school that moved to Kharkiv from Belgorod. The Collegium became the educational centre of all Ukrainian lands on the left bank of the Dnieper. The oldest Ukrainian universities were founded in Kharkiv, Kyiv, Lviv in the 18^th century.

Unit 3

The history of science fiction

Science fiction is a popular kind of imaginative literature. Its basic themes include space travel, time travel, and marvelous discoveries or inventions. Most modern science-fiction stories are set in the future, but some take place in the past or even in the present day. Some are set in another universe. Unlike fantasy, which deals with the impossible, science fiction describes events that could actually occur, according to accepted or possible theories. Some stories give detailed scientific explanations. Others simply thrust the reader into a strange time or place.

Beginnings of science fiction go back to prehistoric myths and tales of fantastic voyages and adventures. In 100's A. D. the Greek writer Lucian of Samosata transformed these adventures into science fiction. For example his The True Story describes trips to the moon.

The 1600's brought the birth of both modern science and science fiction. Francis Bacon, often called the father of modern science, wrote New Atlantis (1627) using the theme of a marvelous voyage to describe a society based on experimental science and the practical wonders science could create.

As science fiction developed in 1700's, it produced its first literary masterpiece, Gulliver's Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift. The first story of visitors from other planets was Voltaire's Micromegas (1752). The Industrial Revolution caused social revolution and hardship among many people. These elements influenced the Gothic novel, which featured horror, violence and supernatural. The chief science-fiction work in this field was Mary-Shelley's Frankenstein (1818). Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne developed the science-fiction short story.

By the late 1800's, science fiction had reached its most characteristic modern form in the works of Jules Verne and Herbert Wells. Verne was the first writer to specialize in science fiction. He made the general public aware of it as a distinct branch of literature.

In Russia, science fiction began receiving much attention and encouragement as early as 1920's. In 1928 Maxim Gorki praised science fiction for displaying “the amazing ability of our thought to look far ahead of actual events”.

Unit 4

COMIC

A blonde and a lawyer are seated next to each other on a long flight. The lawyer keeps asking her to play a game but she just wants to sleep. The lawyer persists, saying the game is easy and a lot of run. He explains, “I’ll ask you a question and if you can’t answer you pay me $5 but, if I can’t answer your question. I’ll pay you $500.” This catches her attention and she agrees to play. The lawyer asks the first question. “How far is the earth from the sun?”. Without a word the blonde reaches into her purse, pulls out $5 and hands it over. “OK” says the lawyer. “Your turn.” She asks, “What goes up a hill with three legs and comes down with four?” The lawyer, puzzled, takes out his laptop and searches all his references – to answer. He taps into the air phone with his modern and searches the net – no answer. Frustrated, he sends e-mails to all his friends and colleagues – no answer. After an hour he wakes the blonde and hands over $500. She thanks him and settles back to sleep. Furious, he wakes her and asks, “Well, what’s the answer?” Without a word the blonde reaches into her purse, hands him $5, and goes back to sleep.

Unit 5

Dialogue

At the filling station

Attendant: Yes, sir?

Mr. Stock: Five gallons, please.

Attendant: Certainly, sir. Which grade do you want?

Mr. Stock: Oh, the best, please.

Attendant: Right you are, sir. That'll be six pounds exactly. Do you want the stamps?(клеймо)

Mr. Stock: Yes, please. And could you just check the oil?

Attendant: Right.

Mr. Stock: And perhaps top up the battery while you are about it.

Attendant: Would you mind just opening the bonnet (капот), please, sir?

Mr. Stock: Yes, of course, I forgot.

Attendant: Shall I look at the radiator?

Mr. Stock: No, that's all right. I saw to that this morning.

Attendant: Did you know your oil-filler cap is missing?

Mr. Stock: No! Well I'm struck! I wonder how that happened?

Attendant: Shall I see if we've got one round the back?

Mr. Stock: If you'd be so kind.

Attendant: Yes, we've just got one left. Your oil's O.K., by the way.

Mr. Stock: Thank you very much.

Attendant: That's all right, sir.

Unit 6

TITANIC

In an effort to produce the largest, fastest, and most luxurious ship, the British built the “Titanic”. It was so superior to anything else on the seas that it was called “unsinkable”. So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its possible 3,500 passengers.

Many passengers were aboard the night it rammed an iceberg, only two days at sea and more than half way between England and New York. Because the luxury liner was travelling so fast, it was impossible to avoid the iceberg. The ship’s sinking was also contributed by fire. Panic increased the number of casualties as people jumped into the icy water or fought to be among the few to board the lifeboats. Four hours after the mishap, another ship, the Carpathia, rescued the survivors – less than a third of those originally aboard.

The infamous Titanic enjoyed only two days of sailing glory on its first voyage in 1912 before plunging into 12,000 feet of water near the coast of Newfoundland, where it lies today.

Unit 7

Outstanding people

Thomas Telford (Scottish, 1757-1834).

An extraordinary versatile civil engineer, Telford is renowned for his bridges and for the highways with which he laced Scotland, England and Wales. A pioneer in iron bridge construction, he built the first successful long-span suspension bridge across the Menai Strait in Wales.

John Roebling (German-American, 1806-1869).

One of the world’s greatest geniuses at bridge building, Roebling developed and also manufactured the steel-wire cable that has made it possible to build safe, long-span suspension bridges. His outstanding projects included the Niagara Falls suspension bridge and the Brooklyn Bridge crossing New-York City’s East River; the latter, also a suspension bridge was his last work, for he was fatally injured while supervising its construction. His son finished the project.

Unit 8

Masters of Invention

Most of the computers in the world use software invented by Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft Inc. Software is the Set of Programs that make computers – whether business or personal – perform various tasks.

Gates was born in Seattle in 1955. As a boy he was bright and curious. He was active in Scouting, loved hiking, camping and other outdoor adventures.

But Gates was obsessed with computers. While a student at Harvard University in 1975, Gates and his friend Paul Allen, developed a computer language for an early version of the personal computer. So, Microsoft was born. Thanks to Microsoft, Gates is now one of the richest men in America.

A technical wizard and a successful business competitor, Gates sees great things ahead for computers. He says they "are really going to change a lot of things in the world – the way we work, the way we pay and entertain ourselves and even the way we are educated."

Unit 9

A Gloomy Picture

The environment is everything that surrounds and affects the character and growth of living things. When talking about environmental problems ecological issues cannot be separated from their effect on mankind, nor can human actions be separated from their effect on the ecology.

What follows is a summary of the environmental issues.

Population Explosion

Today the planet holds more than 6 billion people. Global population has doubled in the last 40 years and is expected to double again by 2050 with 90 percent of that increase occurring in developing countries.

Hunger

Despite claims that there is less famine in the world today, over 150 million children go to bed hungry every night.

Pollution

For many people, the most alarming of all human assaults on the environment is the contamination of air, earth, and water from dumping. Evidence of dumping can be found everywhere done by individuals and large corporations. Hong Kong dumps more than 1,000 tons of plastic a day. Americans throw away 16 billion diapers each year. Open sewage drains and festering land-fills are common sites in many parts of the world.

Deforestation

It is estimated that every year 6.3 million hectares of tropical forest alone are cleared for agriculture and that 4.4 million hectares are used in commercial logging.

The rapid reduction of forest land around the globe appears on every list of critical environmental issues. Its effects are of importance to all living things. Forests absorb carbon dioxide from air and supply oxygen, they have provided people with fuel, food, and shelter for centuries.

Global Warming

Human activity is altering the composition of the atmosphere in ways that could bring rapid changes in climate. Although naturally occurring greenhouse gases keep the Earth’s surface warm by trapping infrared radiation given off by the sun, human activity is increasing the concentration of these gases, as well as holding new, more dangerous chemicals to the atmosphere.

Many scientists are predicting an increase of about 1 degree Celsius in the global average temperature by 2025 and a 3-degree increase by the end of the next century.

Додаток 1

Перелік основних нестандартних дієслів

infinitive	past simple	past participle		infinitive	past simple	past participle
be	was/were	been		light	lit	lit
beat	beat	beaten		lose	lost	lost
become	became	become		make	made	made
begin	began	begun		mean	meant	meant
bend	bent	bent		meet	met	met
bet	bet	bet		pay	paid	paid
bite	bit	bitten		put	put	put
blow	blew	blown		read	read [red]*	read [red]*
break	broke	broken		ride	rode	ridden
bring	brought	brought		ring	rang	rung
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast		rise	rose	risen
build	built	built		run	ran	run
burst	burst	burst		say	said	said
buy	bought	bought		see	saw	seen
catch	caught	caught		seek	sought	sought
choose	chose	chosen		sell	sold	sold
come	came	come		send	sent	sent
cost	cost	cost		set	set	set
creep	crept	crept		sew	sewed	sewn/sewed
cut	cut	cut		shake	shook	shaken
deal	dealt	dealt		shine	shone	shone
dig	dug	dug		shoot	shot	shot
do	did	done		show	showed	shown/showed
draw	drew	drawn		shrink	shrank	shrunk
drink	drank	drunk		shut	shut	shut
drive	drove	driven		sing	sang	sung
eat	ate	eaten		sink	sank	sunk
fall	fell	fallen		sit	sat	sat
feed	fed	fed		sleep	slept	slept
feel	felt	felt		slide	slid	slid
fight	fought	fought		speak	spoke	spoken
find	found	found		spend	spent	spent
flee	fled	fled		spit	spat	spat
fly	flew	flown		split	split	split
forbid	forbade	forbidden		spread	spread	spread
forget	forgot	forgotten		spring	sprang	sprung
forgive	forgave	forgiven		stand	stood	stood
freeze	froze	frozen		steal	stole	stolen
get	got	got		stick	stuck	stuck
give	gave	given		sting	stung	stung
go	went	gone		stink	stank	stunk
grow	grew	grown		strike	struck	struck
hang	hung	hung		swear	swore	sworn
have	had	had		sweep	swept	swept
hear	heard	heard		swim	swam	swum
hide	hid	hidden		swing	swung	swung
hit	hit	hit		take	took	taken
hold	held	held		teach	taught	taught
hurt	hurt	hurt		tear	tore	torn
keep	kept	kept		tell	told	told
kneel	knelt	knelt		think	thought	thought
know	knew	known		throw	threw	thrown
lay	laid	laid		understand	understood	understood
lead	led	led		wake	woke	woken
leave	left	left		wear	wore	worn
lend	lent	lent		weep	wept	wept
let	let	let		win	won	won
lie	lay	lain		write	wrote	written

Додаток 2

Суфікси іменників

	-OR / -ER	виконавець або знаряддя дії to work - worker to cool - cooler	робітник охолоджувач
	- IAN	національність, звання, професія Russia - Russian Academy - academician music - musician	російський, руський академік музикант
	- EE	особа, на яку спрямована дія to address - addressee	адресат
	- ANCE / -ENCE	абстрактні іменники important - importance	важливість
	-TION / SI ON	to act - action	дія
	- AGE	to marry - marriage	шлюб
	- DOM	free - freedom	свобода
	- MENT	to agree - agreement	угода
	- NESS	cold - coldness	холод
	-URE	to press - pressure	тиск
	-ITY	public – publicity	гласність
	-HOOD	child - childhood	дитинство
	- ING	to meet - meeting	зустріч
	- TH	long - length	довжина
	- SHIP	friend - friendship	дружба

Суфікси прикметників

	-ABLE/ IBLE	можливість дії to compare - comparable	порівняний
	-Y	наявність речі, речовини cloud - cloudy dirt - dirty	хмарний брудний
	-FUL	наявність якості care - careful	дбайливий
	-LESS	відсутність якості hope - hopeless	безнадійний
	-ISH	а) національність Poland - Polish б) невелика ступень якості red – reddish	польський червонастий, червонавий
	-AL - ANT/-ENT - IVE - OUS	centre - central	центральний
		to differ – different	інший, різний
		to act – active	активний
		fame - famous	відомий
	- IC	organ – inorganic	неорганічний

Префікси прикметників

IN-, IL-, IM-, IR-, UN-	- заперечення
	regular - irregular	нерегулярний
	possible - impossible	неможливий
	known - unknown	невідомий
	definite - indefinite	невизначений
	legal - illegal	нелегальний

Суфікси дієслова

-EN, -IFY, -IZE	wide - to widen	розширятися
	simple – to simplify	спрощувати
	active - activize	активізувати

Префікси дієслова

	EN-	- охоплення, оточення
		case - to encase	класти у ящик
		large - to enlarge	збільшувати
	RE-	- повторна дія
		to build - to rebuild	перебудовувати
	DIS-	- протилежність, заперечення
		to agree - to disagree	не погоджуватися
	MIS-	- помилковість
		to understand - to misunderstand	невірно зрозуміти
	DE-	- вилучення, виведення
		to aerate - to deaerate	видалити газ
	PRE-	- перебування
		to determine - to predetermine	визначати заздалегідь
	OVER-	- надмірність
		to load – to overload	перевантажувати
	UNDER-	- недостатність
		to estimate - to underestimate	недооцінювати

Суфікси та префікси прислівника

	-WARD	- напрямок
		side - sideward	убік
		back - backward	назад
	-WISE	спосіб дії
		clock - clockwise	за стрілкою годинника
	-LY	- образ дії
		quick - quickly	швидко
	-А	- образ дії
		round - around	навколо, навкруги
		new - anew	заново, по новому

Суфікси числівників

	-TEEN	- від 13 до 19
		14 – fourteen
		19 – nineteen
	-TY	- десятки до 100
		40 - fourty
		70 - seventy
	-TH	- порядкові числівники
		seventh - сьомий
		fourteenth - чотирнадцятий

Додаток 3

Складені прийменники

1. according to - відповідно до

2. along with - разом з

3. apart from - крім, не рахуючи

4. as far as - до

5. as for, as to - що до

6. at the expense of - за рахунок

7. because of - через, завдяки, внаслідок

8. by means of - за допомогою

9. by virtue of - завдяки

10. compared with - при порівняні з

11. contrary to - всупереч

12. due to -через, завдяки, внаслідок

13. except for - за винятком

14. in accordance with - згідно з

15. in addition to - до того як, крім того

16. in case of - на випадок

17. in front of - попереду

18. in order to - щоб, для того щоб

19. i n regard to -

in relation to - що до, відносно