Task 4.Write the nouns in the correct column in the table. Translate them:

glider; hovercraft; oxen; raft; dugout; balloon; truck; pipeline; barge; jet; helicopter; canoe; train; paddles; airliner; rowboat; camel; plane; sails tugboat; tracks; highway; motorcycle.

Land transport	Water transport	Air transport

Task 5. Answer the questions concerning each of the three groups of means of transportation:

1) What kinds of engine-powered (engineless) transport does this group include?

2) What are they used for?

3) What are their main advantages and disadvantages?

Task 6. Translate the phrases in brackets using Complex Object:

1. We expected (що будівництво корабля закінчиться до вересня).

2. He wants (щоб керівник перевірив результат експерименту).

3. I’d like (щоб ви приїхали до аеропорту вчасно).

4. I couldn’t believe (що рятувальна команда приїде так швидко).

5. I suppose (що її відіслали у відрядження).

6. He wishes (щоб його син підтримував машину у доброму стані).

7. We know (що він відмінно водить машину).

Task 7. Translate the sentences:

Ми спостерігали	як судно входило у порт.
	як літак здійснював посадку.
	як робітники мостили дорогу.
	як дослідники проводили експеримент.

Ви чули	як він робив доповідь про організацію перевезень?
	як садили літак?
	як під’їхала якась машина?
	як розвантажували судно?

Я не помітив	як ви змінили маршрут.
	як це трапилося.
	як відбулося зіткнення.
	як ми попали у пробку.

Task 8. Give an outline of chief stages of transportation development in the form of the plan. Get ready to speak on it.

Task 9. You are going to travel by (a) car; (b) ship; (c) airplane. Choose the way of travelling and answer the questions:

1. What kinds of preparations are you going to make?

e.g. I am going to fill up the car with petrol.

2. How are you going to spend your time?

e.g. I am going to sunbathe on the deck all day long.

3. What will you do if … ?

a) The engine begins to misfire.

b) You see a giant shark some metres away.

c) The thunderstorm breaks out during the flight.

d) The ship begins to sink.

e) You run out of petrol but there is no gas station near by.

e.g. If the engine begins to misfire I will drop at the service station for help.

Task 10. You are going to travel around the world. Get divided into groups of three and give arguments in favour of the kind of transportation you have chosen to travel by.

Text 6 B

1. Look through the text and arrange the parts of the text in the chronological order:

1.  5.  9.  13. 

2.  6.  10. 

3.  7.  11. 

4.  8.  12. 

History of transportation

a. The first commercial airlines began service in Europe, Airlines began operations in many other parts of the world, the world's airlines carried 3.5 million passengers annually. All airplanes had propellers and gasoline engines. Germany built the first planes with jet engines. All the early jet aircraft were warplanes.

b. People travelled on foot and carried their infants and belongings strapped to their backs or heads. Loads too heavy for one person to carry were strapped to a pole and carried by two people.

c. German engineer Rudolf Diesel invented the engine that was later named after him. In time, diesel engines replaced steam engines on many ships and on most trains. But of all the inventions of this period, the gasoline engine was the one that brought about the most far-reaching changes in transportation.

d. Germanic tribes conquered most of the Roman territories in western Europe. The majority of Roman roads fell into ruin during the following centuries. However, a few are still used.

e. Several important navigation instruments were developed. One such instrument, called a mariner's compass, allowed voyagers to navigate their ships even when the sky was overcast and they could not use the positions of the moon, stars, and planets for navigation.

f. Greek cargo ships sailed from home with huge jars of olive oil and wine. These products were exchanged for wheat and other grains at various ports on the Mediterranean and Black seas.

g. Rome ruled the mightiest empire of ancient times. At its peak, the Roman Empire included all the lands bordering the Mediterranean. It also extended as far north as the British Isles and as far east as the Persian Gulf. To help hold their vast empire together, the Romans built a highly advanced system of roads.

h. The invention of the steam engine marked the beginning of the greatest revolution in transportation sailboat. British inventors developed the steam engine. The first commercially successful steamboat service started in the United States. Ships powered by steam engines were rapidly taking the place of sailing ships on the world’s shipping lanes. The world’s first successful steam railroad went into service in England.

i. The invention of the rigid horse collar and iron horseshoe, stimulated overland trade in Europe. They made it possible for horses to pull as much weight as oxen – and for longer distances and at twice the speed.

j. People began to use donkeys and oxen as pack animals. Next, they invented harnesses so that the animals could pull sledges. The use of donkeys and oxen as beasts of burden enabled people to transport heavier loads than they could before.

k. People began to develop water transportation. They built rafts of such materi­als as logs or reeds. Later, people learned how to make dugouts and canoes.

l. The Mesopotamians built the first wheeled vehicles. They were four-wheeled carts that were pulled by oxen. At first, the Mesopotamians used carts mainly as funeral cars. Then they carried Mesopotamian troops into battle. In time, carts were occasionally used to carry passengers and to haul grain, sand, and other goods.

m. Such European explorers as Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, and Sir Francis Drake made great ocean voyages. As a result of these and later voyages, European civilization continued to spread westward— first to North and South America and then to Australia and New Zealand. However, this expan­sion of European culture took several hundred years. In spite of the improvements in ship construction, ocean travel remained extremely slow.

Supplementary vocabulary:

mighty – могутній to strap – прив'язувати ременем harness – упряж, збруя funeral – похорон horse collar – хомут

cart – візок pole – тичина reed – очерет troops – війська

2. Which, in your opinion, will be the next stage in the development of transportation? Explain your ideas.

Text 6 C

1. Skim the text and choose the correct answers to the questions below:

Passenger transportation

There are two main types of passenger transporta­tion: (1) private transportation and (2) public transporta­tion. People who use private transportation operate their own vehicles. Those who use public transportation pay to ride on vehicles owned and operated by private companies or the government.

Private transportation in industrial countries is pro­vided mainly by automobiles, bicycles, motorcycles, and private airplanes. Automobiles are by far the most important means of private transportation.

Automobiles are also the chief means of passenger transportation in Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and most of the nations of Western Europe. People in these countries and in the United States own about 77 per cent of the world's automobiles. There are about 12 million miles (19 million kilometres) of roads throughout the world. About one-third of this mileage is in the United States.

Public transportation. Any organized passenger service that is available to the general public can be classed as public transportation. There are three main types of public transportation service: (1) urban (2) inter­city, and (3) overseas.

Urban service. Most large urban areas provide some means of public transportation for people who do not own a car or who prefer to avoid city driving whenever possible. Public transportation in urban areas is called mass transit. Mass transit between cities and their sub­urbs is often called commuter service.

Buses are the chief mass transit vehicles. However, most of the world's big cities offer rail service in addition to bus service. About 90 cities throughout the world, have both subway and surface rail lines. Many big cities throughout the world also have elevated trains, which run on tracks above the streets.

Intercity service is provided mainly by airplanes, buses, and trains. Airlines handle the biggest share of this traffic, and railroads the small­est. The airlines share increases with the length of the trip. High-speed trains can compete with airliners for passengers on runs up to about 500 miles (800 kilometres).

Overseas service. The first overseas airlines began operations during the 1930's. But the planes had to stop frequently during a flight for refuelling. The first non-stop transoceanic airliners appeared during the late 1940's. These propeller-driven planes could carry passengers across the Atlantic safely and comfortably in hours rather than days.

Today, almost all overseas travellers go by plane. Only one ocean liner, Britain's Queen Elizabeth 2, still makes transatlantic voyages. Most ocean liners today operate as cruise ships. They specialize in taking vacationists to the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, and other warm areas.

In 1976, the first supersonic airliner, the Concorde, began service between Europe and the United States. The Concorde travels between New York City and London or Paris – a distance of about 3,500 miles (5,630 kilometres) – in approximately 3.5 to 4 hours. However, travelling by supersonic airliner is expensive because these planes consume large amounts of fuel.

The cheapest way to move general cargo is by water. Rail transportation costs about 3 times as much as water transportation, and truck transportation costs about 10 times as much. Air transportation is by far the most expensive way to move freight. It costs nearly 40 times as much as water transportation. Because air transportation is so costly, cargo planes usually carry only expensive, lightweight, or perishable merchandise.

Transportation is one of the leading industries in the world. Many of the world's biggest industrial firms earn all or much of their income from the sale of equipment or fuel for transportation. The transportation industry employs many millions of people in countries through­out the world. In the United States alone, about 10 per cent of all workers are directly or indirectly involved in providing transportation.

The transportation industry consists of (1) equipment manufacturers, (2) passenger and freight carriers, and (3) related industries.

Equipment manufacturers produce the vehicles on which modern transportation depends. These manufac­turers also supply the equipment needed to operate the vehicles, such as railroad tracks and airplane communications systems.

Companies that make automobiles, buses, and trucks are by far the largest producers of transportation equip­ment. The two leading U.S. producers of such motor ve­hicles are General Motors Corporation and Ford Motor Company. They rank among the leading manufacturing firms in the world.

Passenger and freight carriers include airlines, in­tercity bus lines, mass transit companies, pipeline com­panies, railroads, shipping lines, and trucking firms. In most countries, the central government owns and oper­ates all the airlines and railroads and some or all of the intercity bus times.

Related industries include glass, petroleum, steel, and tire production; road construction; the selling of new and used automobiles; and the servicing of automobiles. Petroleum production is the leading transportation-related industry in terms of value.

1. Which of the following is not true?

Private transportation is provided by:

a) automobiles; b) buses; c) private airplanes; d) motorcycles.

2. What is the length of roads in the USA?

a) 12 mln (miles); b) 6 mln; c) 4 mln; d) 3 mln.

3. Why do some people prefer public transport?

a) It is cheaper.

b) It is more convenient.

c) They don’t like driving.

d) They try to avoid city driving.

4. The number of cities offering rail service is:

a) 90; b) 77; c) 500; d) 40.

5. Why didn’t the first overseas planes become popular?

a) their flights were too expensive;

b) they needed too much fuel;

c) they needed to be refuelled too often;

d) they broke too often.

6. When did the first non-stop transoceanic airliner most probably appear?

a) in 1940; b) in 1942; c) in 1948; d) in 1939.

7. What do most ocean liners specialize in today?

a) carrying holiday-makers;

b) delivering perishable goods;

c) taking cargoes;

d) carrying out military actions.

8. How many times is truck transportation less expensive than air one?

a) 10; b) 3; c) 4; d) 40.

9. How many people all over the world are involved in transportation?

a) 10 mln; b) about 4 mln; c) a few millions; d) many millions.

10. Which of the following is not true?

Equipment manufacturers produce:

a) vehicles; b) tyres; c) tracks; d) trucks.