- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 1. Decide what parts of speech these words belong to and translate:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations and make up the sentences of your own with them:
- •Exercise 5. Match the word with its definition:
- •Exercise 6. Find the derivatives from the words and translate the text: hobby, regular, to manufacture, to win, to participate, original.
- •Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with the word in the right form. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Translate the word-combinations:
- •I. Gerund
- •Exercise 9. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 10. Find the sentences with Gerund and translate them:
- •Exercise 11. Find and translate sentences with Gerund in the text:
- •Exercise 12. Put the verbs in brackets in the form of Gerund:
- •Exercise 13. Complete the sentences with Gerund. Use the verbs from your active vocabulary where possible:
- •Exercise 14. Translate English proverbs and sayings and give equivalents if possible:
- •Exercise 15. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 18. Compose sentences according to the model:
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 1. Think over the answers to the following questions:
- •Task 2. Read an translate the text:
- •Task 3. Answer the questions using the information you have learnt from the text:
- •Task 4. Discuss the problems:
- •Task 5. Make possible word-combinations which can be ab or ba. For example exhaust gases or road safety:
- •Task 6. Write questions to the answers:
- •Task 7. Translate the sentences:
- •4. Read do's and don'ts of safe driving again. Make a summary of them without looking into the text.
- •1. Translate the word-combinations to understand the text:
- •2. Skim the text and find the answers to the questions after it:
- •3. Find the key sentences and speak on the text.
- •1. Read the text:
- •2. Make a short report on the necessity to avoid using alcohol while driving.
- •Task 1. Open the brackets and put the word in the right form: Some interesting facts about the car-making process
- •Outstanding people
- •Listen to the dialogue twice and reproduce it.
- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 5. Choose the right word for each sentence:
- •Exercise 6. Translate the word-combinations:
- •I. Infinitive
- •Exercise 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with your own ideas according to the models:
- •Exercise 9. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 10. Translate the sentences:
- •II. Complex Object
- •Exercise 11. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 12. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 3. Read and translate the text:
- •Task 4.Write the nouns in the correct column in the table. Translate them:
- •Task 5. Answer the questions concerning each of the three groups of means of transportation:
- •Task 6. Translate the phrases in brackets using Complex Object:
- •Task 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 10. You are going to travel around the world. Get divided into groups of three and give arguments in favour of the kind of transportation you have chosen to travel by.
- •1. Look through the text and arrange the parts of the text in the chronological order:
- •2. Find the key sentences and speak on the text.
- •1. Read the text. Are the statements below true or false?
- •2. Give a brief outline of the problems in modern transportation and ways to solve these problems.
- •Improving london
- •1. Listen and choose the best answer to the questions:
- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Match the words to their definitions. Translate them:
- •Exercise 6. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •Exercise 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Transform the sentences according to the model:
- •Exercise 9. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 10. Fill in the blanks with Future Simple, Future Progressive and Future Perfect:
- •Exercise 11. Compose sentences with different time signals. Use the active vocabulary:
- •Exercise 12. Translate into English. Put different types of questions to the sentences:
- •Task 1. Think over the answers to the following questions:
- •Task 2. Read and translate the text.
- •Task 3. Say whether the statements are true or false:
- •Task 4. Find the right answer:
- •Task 5. Complete the sentences with the information from the text:
- •Task 6. Make up sentences:
- •Task 7. Choose the right form of the verb:
- •Task 8. Translate the sentences using Complex Object, Future Perfect and Perfect Progressive.
- •Task 9. You are walking along the street with small children. Children always put a lot of questions. They ask you “What were the first roads like?” Having read the text you can tell a lot about this.
- •1. Look through the text and choose the titles given below corresponding to the content of each passage of the text.
- •Supplementary vocabulary:
- •2. Here are the definitions of some words from the text. Find these words:
- •3. Summarize the text to produce a short report on road construction.
- •1. Skim the text to outline the main stages of history of asphalt:
- •2. Put the questions to the answers:
- •1. Mind some special terms to understand the text properly:
- •2. Read the text and match the type of the bridge with one of the features given below:
- •Listen to the text and think of some other outstanding people in the history of road construction.
- •Do you know that …
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match an opposite to the first word of the line:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with the right verb from the box in the correct form:
- •Exercise 6. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 7. Translate chains of words:
- •I. Subjunctive mood
- •Exercise 8. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 9. Match a line in a to a line in b:
- •Exercise 10. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form:
- •Exercise 11. Rewrite these sentences using sentences of unreal condition:
- •Exercise 12. Restore the questions and answer them:
- •Exercise 13. Complete these sentences using Active Vocabulary:
- •Exercise 14. All people have dreams. Tell other students about your dreams and desires:
- •Exercise 15. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 4. Give definitions of the following:
- •Task 5. Here are the answers to some questions on computers. Write the questions:
- •2. What are the advantages of the portable computer? Name as many as you can.
- •1. Skim the text and get ready to discuss the main stages of the development of the computer:
- •5. Imagine one day of your life in 5 years. How will automatic ma-chines help you to live through this day? Write a composition of 10-15 sentences.
- •Translate the questions given above into English (in the written form) and ask your partners.
- •It’s interesting to read …
- •Listen to Tapescript 8 and complete each sentence:
- •Do you know that …
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivates:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Read the formulae and match them to their English equivalents:
- •Exercise 6. Study Fig. 9.1. Find out the sources of:
- •Exercise7. Answer the questions making use of the following words and word combinations. Study Fig. 9.1, Fig. 9.3:
- •Exercise 8. Study Fig. 9.2 and speak on how mercury reaches people. Use the verbs:
- •I. Subjunctive mood Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with adverbs from the box; ask and answer the questions on the information:
- •Exercise 10. Translate the sentences given after the tables:
- •Exercise 11. Match a line in a with a line in b to make statements:
- •Exercise 12. Make unreal conditional sentences for the following situations:
- •Exercise 13. Complete the sentences using the Active Vocabulary of the lesson:
- •Exercise 14. Find and correct one mistake in each sentence:
- •Exercise 15. Decide what parts of speech are words in bold type. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 1. Give your opinion on the following:
- •Task 2. Look through the text and divide it into five parts. Give titles to each part. Task 3. Read and translate the text:
- •Task 4. Answer the questions:
- •Task 5. Make word-combinations. Match nouns to verbs (a) and adjectives to nouns (b):
- •Task 6. Decide which words do not go along with these key words:
- •Task 7. Speak on the harm done to the environment . Use the table:
- •Task 8. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box to complete the sentences:
- •2. Here are the answers to some questions. Work out the questions:
- •3. Continue the list of causes of environmental pollution and explain the ways in which people pollute their surroundings:
- •2. Skim the text and check your answers:
- •1. Before reading the text, fill in the following table:
- •2. Look through the text and give your opinion on the following:
- •Listen to Tapescript 9 and do the following tasks:
- •I. Say what the following numbers refer to:
- •II. Choose the right ending to each sentence below:
- •Do you know that …
- •Active vocabulary
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Translate the word combinations:
- •Exercise 3. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 4. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 6. Translate into English to parts in brackets to complete the sentences:
- •Task 4. Answer the questions:
- •Task 5. Mind the following abbreviations of electronic correspondence:
- •Task 6. Translate the word combinations:
- •Task 7. There is an example of one type of messages. Read and translate it, answer the questions given after the message:
- •Task 8. Below are 3 messages. Write them in the form of fax or e-mail:
- •Task 9. Look through the following fax. This is an example of an informal message. Translate it:
- •Task 10. Fax your own messages on:
- •Task 11. Translate the sentences:
- •1. Restore the questions, concerning your c.V. (Resumé) and answer them:
- •2. Before reading text 10 b give your opinion on:
- •3. Read, translate and memorize the recommendations concerning resumé:
- •4. Look through the layouts of cv (1), cv (2) and resumé (3). Find their common features:
- •5. Interview an applicant. You want to begin with the questions about:
- •9. Translate the sentences:
- •10. This is a sample covering letter (or a letter of interest). Read, translate and write your own covering letter and a resumé:
- •1. Think of the answers to the following questions:
- •2. Skim the text:
- •II. The Functional Resumé.
- •4. Compare two tables with salutations and complimentary closes of different letters in British English and American English. Remember the differences:
- •5. Look through the structure of the following business letters and indicate the following parts: the letter-head, references, per pro, company position enclosure. Translate the letter:
- •6. Compose your own business letter.
- •8.Translate into English.
- •9. You want to continue your education abroad (choose any country, college or University). Write your own covering letter for this purpose.
- •In respect of/to-
- •Підрядні додаткові речення: that (щоб, що), whether, if (якщо, якби) Підрядні речення часу:
- •Умовні підрядні речення
1. Listen and choose the best answer to the questions:
Which of the following is not true?
a) Only a third of those aboard perished.
b) The Carpathia rescued the survivors.
c) The Titanic sank near Newfoundland.
d) The Titanic was the fastest ship in 1912.
Which of the following did not contribute to the large death toll?
a) panic b) fire c) speed d) Carpathia.
How many days was the Titanic at sea before sinking?
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 12
When were the survivors rescued?
a) Some hours after the Titanic sinking. b) Two hours after the mishap. |
c) Four hours after the mishap. d) Fourteen hours after the mishap. |
JOKES AND ANECDOTES
* * *
Pilot (calling back to airport by radio) - "I'm lost!"
Airfield Operator - "Quick, tell me your location!"
* * *
A reader doesn't understand why goods sent by ship constitute a cargo, while goods sent in a car are a shipment.
Nothing is worth doing except what the world says is impossible
Oscar Wilde
(1856 – 1900)
Unit 7
ROADS AND BRIDGES
Do you know that:
…the first highway department was established in France in 1716 and this department built Europe’s finest gravel and stone roads?
…asphalt, the world’s most popular construction material was used in many ways in Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt?
…the most extensive sources of native asphalt were located in Iraq 4,000 to 5,000 years ago?
…the word bridge also means one of the most popular card games?
Active vocabulary
1. |
across (adv) – |
через, крізь |
across the bridge; across the street |
2. |
blaze (v) – |
блискати, горіти |
to blaze like a fire; blazing in the dark |
3. |
to be in use – |
бути в користуванні |
money which can be in use |
4. |
certain (adj) – |
визначений |
certain rules; certain materials |
5. |
chain (n) – |
ланцюг |
mountain chain; silver chain |
6. |
crown (n) – |
крона, верхівка |
the crown of a tree; golden crown |
7. |
develop (v) - |
розвивати |
to develop a new method; developed countries |
8. |
drain off (v) – |
осушувати |
to drain off water before building something; the area to be drained off |
9. |
earthquake (n) – |
землетрус |
to be ruined by the earthquake; to happen during the earthquake |
10. |
feed (v) – |
підпитувати |
to feed an engine; feeding pipe |
11. |
float (n) – |
поплавець |
to put a tent on the float; float bridge |
12. |
foundation (n) – |
підстава |
strong foundation of the house; to have a foundation below |
13. |
hunt (v) – |
полювати |
to hunt for animals; to hunt for food |
14. |
interval (n) – |
перерва, відстань |
during the interval; to put something at intervals |
15. |
log (n) – |
колода |
to make a bridge from logs; a thick log |
16. |
marker (n) – |
мітка |
to serve as a marker on the road; a green text marker |
17. |
moat (n) – |
рів |
to dug moats; a moat for drainage |
18. |
obstacle (n) – |
перешкода |
to overcome obstacles; to serve as an obstacle |
19 |
occurrence (n) – |
подія, явище |
natural occurrences; unexpected occurrence |
20. |
pavement (n) – |
покриття |
uneven pavement; solid pavement of the road |
21. |
pile (n) – |
купа |
a pile of bricks |
22. |
private (n) - |
приватний |
private house; private business |
23. |
proper (adj) – |
належний |
proper results; to achieve proper knowledge |
24. |
protection (n) – |
захист |
to look for protection; environmental protection |
25. |
quite (adv) – |
цілком |
quite big; quite a child |
26. |
ravine (n) – |
ущелина, яр |
to build a bridge across a ravine; deep ravine |
27. |
roadway (n) – |
проїжджа частина дороги |
to move on the roadway; narrow roadway |
28. |
reinforced concrete (n) – |
залізобетон |
construction units made of reinforced concrete |
29. |
ride (v) – |
їхати (верхи) |
to ride a bike; to ride a horse |
30. |
slope (n) – |
схил |
a sharp slope to the road; a slope to both sides |
31. |
straight (adj) – |
прямий |
a straight path; to move straight to the north |
32. |
strip (n) – |
смуга |
a wide strip of the road; a stripped sweater |
33. |
stress (n) – |
напруга |
to make a stress; inner stress |
34. |
support (n) – |
опора, підтримка |
to need a support; a money support |
35. |
total (adj) – |
загальний |
total number; sum total |
36. |
toward (prep) – |
у напрямку до |
toward the east; toward the centre |
37. |
track (n) – |
колія, посілкова дорога |
not to leave tracks on the rocks;car tracks |
38. |
trail (n) – |
тропа |
to make a trail in the forest; a trail to the river |
LEXICAL EXERCISES