General review of all verbals

Exercise 1

State the function of the infinitive in the following sentences and translate them into Ukrainian.

1. To live a healthy life in the country was good for them.

2. It was a great happiness to him to discover that she was in complete agreement with him in opinions.

3. It was a real pleasure to him to give pleasure to others.

4. She had never learned the habit of command: her habit was to ask permission.

5. The dearest wish of her heart was to have a boy.

6. His first act was to seek the tailor that Mary had recommended.

7. Margaret’s visit was exciting. He started to plan her reception.

8. The company began to drift in a polite group towards the door.

9. The train began to slow down. “Here we are in Oxford!” said the man.

10. We used to play in the garden behind the house.

11. Now you can do whatever you like.

12. But she had to turn round again; her father was coming.

13. Dixon tried to suppress his irritation.

14. He asked us not to move and stay where we were.

15. He taught his boy to swim.

16. Mary warned us not to be late.

17. My dear child, it’s not a thing to joke about.

18. “How am I to find that house,” he thought. “There isn’t anyone to ask”.

19. This is the right thing to do.

20. I need a pen to write with.

21. He opened his eyes too late to see the momentary gleam of light from the corridor.

Exercise 2

Complete the following sentences, using infinitives or infinitive constructions.

1. I didn’t expect…

2. Oh, how nice of you…

3. We are all very glad…

4. She doesn’t like…

5. What would you do if you saw…?

6. I’m so sorry…

7. The book seems …

8. It would be of great use…

9. What is done …

10. There’s nothing…

11. The difficulty is…

12. I’m not quite sure…

13. It hasn’t yet been decided…

14. He is unlikely…

15. Nobody will ever make…

16. You are too inexperienced…

17. She appeared…

18. She is old enough…

19. It’s too late, he can’t…

20. Judging from the shadows under his eyes, he must…

Exercise 3

Use one of the given verbs to report the following sentences: invite, threaten, remind, apologize, promise, allow, suggest, accuse, beg, deny, warn, offer.

Model: “Would you like me to do the shopping?” – She offered to do the shopping.

1. “I will bring the money I owe you tomorrow.”

2. “If you don’t work harder, I’ll sack you.”

3. “You can use my phone whenever you want.”

4. “Please, please, come with me!”

5. “Don’t forget to check the papers.”

6. “You vandalized the school gym!”

7. “I’m sorry, I damaged your car.”

8. “It wasn’t me who started the fight!”

9. “Why don’t we go to Paris this summer?”

10. “Would you like to come to my party on Saturday.”

11. “Don’t go too near the fire, you’ll burn yourself!”

Exercise 4

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. Note that sometimes a bare infinitive is required.

1. He accepted the cut in his salary without complaint because he was afraid (complain). He was afraid of (lose) his job.

2. No, I didn’t move the bomb. I was afraid (touch) it; I was afraid of (be) blown to pieces.

3. Next time we go (house-hunt), remember (ask) the agent for clear directions; I wasted hours (look) for he last house.

4. The hunters expected (be paid) by the foot for the snakes they caught. This meant (take) the snakes out of the sack and (measure) them. They seemed (expect) me (do) it: but I wasn’t particularly anxious (be) the first (die) of snakebite.

5. After (spend) two days (argue) where to go for their holidays, hey decided (not go) anywhere.

6. He is talking about (give up) his job and (go) (live) in the country.

7. The lecturer began by (tell) us where the island was, and went on (talk) about its history.

8. My father thinks I’m not capable of (earn) my own living, but I mean (show) him hat he is wrong.

9. We stopped once (buy) petrol and then we stopped again (ask) someone the way.

10. Do you feel like (dine) out or would you rather (have) dinner at home? – I’d like (go) out. I always enjoy (have) dinner in a restaurant.

11. Your hair needs (cut). You’d better (have) it (do) tomorrow – unless you’d like me (have) a go at it for you.

12. I tried (convince) him that I was perfectly capable of (manage) on my own, but he insisted on (help) me.

13. There is no point in (arrive) half an hour early. We’d only have (wait). – I don’t mind (wait). It’s better (be) too early than too late.

14. I always try (come) in quietly but they always hear me (go) upstairs. It’s impossible (climb) an old wooden staircase at night without (make) a noise.

15. He suggested (call) a meeting and (let) the workers (decide) the matter themselves.

Exercise 5

Point out the verbals and comment on them.

1. She often took care of my little sister Polly giving me a possibility to play with other boys in the neighbourhood.

2. Having bathed her face in the cold water, she came up to the window and burst it open.

3. Renton Heath is a charming village, situated in the loveliest part of the West of England.

4. “I’m leaving for South America and have come to say good-bye,” Jim said staring into her eyes.

5. She seemed to be asking not him but herself.

6. I seated myself at the table and was on the point of filling my cup from the teapot when the sound of the door opening made me look up.

7. After spending the night at the farm, the weather remaining fine, they set out again on their journey in the same way.

8. He had to stand aside for the maid to carry in the luncheon.

9. I’m afraid I never seem to get any time for reading.

10. He began moving away down the drive, keeping his eyes on him.

11. It’s no use trying to argue with me.

12. Looking in her face he saw to his dismay tears rolling down her cheeks.

13. He said it bending forward to be out of hearing of the girl.

14. Douglas sat down again, having evidently changed his mind about going.

15. When we had lain on the bank for some time without speaking I saw a man approaching from the far end of the field.

16. I know why I make you laugh. It’s because you’re so far above me in every way that I’m somehow ridiculous.

17. It was past two o’clock when she heard the car return. There were steps on the gravel, the opening and shutting of the door, a brief murmur of voices – then silence.

18. From room to room he went and, though each gave signs of having recently been occupied, IT was clear that its inhabitants had departed.

19. Were it not for his having asked me to spend a week with him in the country, I should certainly be very glad to go with you to Madrid.

20. Get a blanket spread and make them hold it tight.

21. The darkness found him occupied with these thoughts.

22. He felt anger against the gipsy for having given them such a fright.

Exercise 6

Many verbs are followed either by the to-infinitive (he managed to pay, they taught her to ski, etc.) or by the -ing form (she enjoys reading, I miss hearing her voice, etc.). There is a small group of verbs which can be followed by both the to-infinitive and the -ing form. The meaning can change significantly depending on which form is used.

• Remember, forget

With the to-infinitive you can talk about actions somebody is/was supposed to do.

I remember to buy her a birthday card.

But I forgot to post it.

With the –ing form you refer to definite events – things that people actually did.

I remember meeting her in a bar. = I met her and now I remember this meeting.

I’ll never forget kissing her for the first time. = I kissed her and I’ll never forget this kiss.

Note: forget + -ing form is usually only used with never.

• Stop

With the –ing form you are saying that an activity has stopped.

She stopped talking to him after that last argument.

With the to-infinitive you are giving the reason for stopping.

She stopped to tell me about her boyfriend when I saw her in town.

• Try

With the to-infinitive you try something but can’t do it.

I tried to make her understand my feelings, but she wouldn’t listen. = I didn’t manage to make her understand.

With the –ing form you try something to see what the outcome will be.

I tried leaving her messages, but she never replied. = I managed to leave messages, but they didn’t work.

Note: You can use try + -ing form as an alternative to try + to-infinitive in most cases.

• Like, love, hate

With the to-infinitive, you can imply that you think something is a good (or bad) idea to do.

I like to do my tax returns early.

With the –ing form you state your real feelings about something.

I hate doing my tax returns.

Note: like, love, etc. + to-infinitive can also be used to state your real feelings about something.

Would + like/ love/ hate etc. is always followed by the to-infinitive.

I’d love to visit China.

Complete these statements using an appropriate structure for the verbs given.

1. I don’t remember _______ (to play) any dangerous games when I was a child.

2. When I need to remember _______ (to do) something important, I tie a knot in my handkerchief.

3. I’ll never forget _______ (to tell) my first lie.

4. I’ve never forgotten _______ (to do) my English homework. Not once.

5. I usually stop _______ (to pick up) hitchhikers, whatever they look like.

6. If I drink coffee in the evening, it stops me _______ (to sleep).

7. I tried _______ (to windsurf) last summer and I really enjoyed it.

8. I try ______ (to learn) at last ten new English words every day, but I seem to forget most of them.

9. I like _______ (to keep) all my credit card receipts just in case the bank makes a mistake.

10. I hate _______ (to drive) at night, especially on country roads in the rain.

Exercise 7

Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive.

1. Don’t forget ___________ (to turn) off the light when you leave.

2. I’ll never forget ________ (to eat) Chinese food for the first time.

3. I can’t even remember __________ (to see) this document before.

4. Ann went on __________ (to do) the cleaning after finishing the cooking.

5. She avoided _________ (to mention) that she had lost her job because she didn’t want to upset her parents.

6. We regret _________ (to inform) all passengers that the 10:15 flight to Rome has been cancelled.

7. He regrets _________ (to eat) all the cakes so quickly.

8. They stopped the meeting _________ (to have) a cup of tea.

9. She wasted a lot of time ________ (to look) at the shop windows.

10. They would rather ________ (to go) to the cinema than stay at home tonight.

Exercise 8

Choose the correct form to complete these sentences.

1. We’re looking forward to meet / to meeting him at last.

2. It’s difficult to know / knowing with Sarah really – she changes boyfriends like other people change their socks.

3. I think it’s essential for him to come / coming from the same kind of background.

4. It’s very important for him to have / having some kind of qualifications.

5. He needs to be / being a strong character to stand up to me.

6. She’d soon go off somebody who lets her do / doing what she wants all the time.

7. The poor chap is unlikely to last / lasting very long.

Exercise 9

Use the gerund or infinitive of the verbs in brackets. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. He was so young, so gay, he laughed so merrily at other people’s jokes that no one could help (to like) him.

2. Yalta is a nice town (to live)…

3. He was on the point … (to quarrel) with her.

4. I want you (to help) me (to pack) this suitcase.

5. I should love (to go) to the party with you; I hate (to go) out alone.

6. Don’t forget (to put) the book in the right place.

7. I forgot (to put) the book on the top shelf and spent half an hour or so … (to look) for it.

8. She told me how (to make) clothes (to last) longer.

9. Mother says she often has occasion (to complain) … (he, to come) late.

10. … (to do) the exercise you should carefully study the examples.

11. You must encourage him (to start) (to take) more exercise.

12. Bob was greatly ashamed … (to beat) in class by a smaller boy.

13. I looked around me, but there was no chair (to sit).

14. We heard … (he, to come) back today.

15. She couldn’t bear the thought … (he, to stay) alone.

16. Are you going (to keep) me (to wait) all day?

17. He pushed the door with his toe … (to put) his suitcases down.

18. I should have gone (to fetch) the doctor instead … (to remain) where I was.

19. Oh, Robert, dearest, it’s not a thing (to joke) about. I’ve so loved (to be) with you.

20. His first impulse was (to turn) back, but he suppressed it and walked in boldly.

Exercise 10

State whether the -ing-form is a participle, a gerund or a verbal noun.

1. To my mind the setting of the scene was beautiful.

2. As to his stooping, it was natural when dancing with a small person like myself, so much shorter than he.

3. I found him in exactly the position I had left him, staring still at the foot of the bed.

4. If possible, give up smoking, at least for a time.

5. There you can see the Fire of London with the flames coming out of the windows of the houses.

6. Having finished his work, he seemed more pleased with himself than usual.

7. Pausing in his story, he turned to me.

8. I admired the grounds and trees surrounding the house.

9. Father said that we were not to let the fact of his not having had a real holiday for three years stand in our way.

10. I saw there wooden cabins with beds, electric light, running water.

11. Most Englishmen are not too fond of soup, remarking that it fills them without leaving sufficient room for the more important meat course.

12. The evening meal goes under various names: tea, “high tea”, dinner or supper depending upon its size and also social standing of those eating it.

13. Colleges give a specialized training.

14. I want you to give my hair a good brushing.

15. The boys couldn’t go without asking permission.

16. I am much pleased with my surroundings.

Exercise 11

Complete the sentences with the necessary non-finite forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. I remember _______ (to bring) Shirly here for our third date – it must be nearly ten years ago.

2. Yes, that was the evening I couldn’t help ________ (to tell) her that I loved her.

3. I’ll never forget ______ (to look) at Shirly that evening and thinking, ”This is the woman I want to marry.”

4. We both work so hard – we deserve ________ (to have) a break.

5. I can imagine _______ (to spend) a romantic weekend in Paris, just the two of us.

6. Yes, Paris. I’ll enjoy ________ (to pick up) a few new phrases in French. I can’t remember anything I learnt at school.

7. I want the waitress _______ (to look) over here so I can order a nice bottle of French wine.

8. Mm… This wine is lovely. I regret _______ (to drive) here now – we should have got a taxi.

9. I fancy _______ (to go) to a club later – we haven’t been dancing together for ages.

10. I can’t stand _______ (to be) at home all the time – we must go off more often.

11. Oh, dear, I hope I’ve remembered _________ (to bring) the mobile phone. Oh good, here it is.

12. Oh no, I think I forgot ______ (to tell) the babysitter what the phone number is. Jack hasn’t been very well, and what if he wakes up?

13. It’s okay – she knows the name of the restaurant so she’ll manage _____ (to look) in the phone book if necessary.

14. We both work so hard – I hate _______ (to have) so little time to spend with the children.

15. From now on, I intend _______ (to spend) more time with the children. I’m going to stop working. Chris will understand.

16. We must stop _____ (to pick up) some milk on the way home – I haven’t got anything for Jack’s breakfast.

17. He’d better stop _______ (to look) at that waitress. Otherwise I’m going home!

18. I hope he doesn’t expect me ______ (to drive) the babysitter home.

19. I’m tired and I want ______ (to go) home.

20. I’d just like ________ (to be) at home with a good video.

Exercise 12

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive).

1. Don’t forget (lock) the door before (go) to bed.

2. My mother told me (not speak) to anyone about it.

3. I can’t understand her (behave) like that.

4. At dinner she annoyed me by (smoke) between the courses.

5. You are expected (know) the safety regulations of the college.

6. He decided (disguise) himself by (dress) as a woman.

7. I am prepared (wait) here all night if necessary.

8. Would you mind (show) me how (work) the lift?

9. After (walk) for three hours we stopped to let the others (catch up) with us.

10. He was fined for (exceed) the speed limit.

11. I regret (inform) you that your application has been refused.

12. He surprised us all by (go) away without (say) “Good-bye”.

13. He wore dark glasses (avoid) (be) recognized.

14. Before (give) evidence you must swear (speak) the truth.

15. I tried (persuade) him (agree) with your proposal.

16. Your windows need (clean); would you like me (do) it for you?

17. I can’t help (sneeze): I caught a cold yesterday from (sit) in a draught.

18. Without (realize) it, he hindered us instead of (help) us.

19. People used (make) fire by (rub) two sticks together.

20. He hates (answer) the phone, and very often just lets it (ring).

21. If you go on (let) your dog (chase) cars he’ll end by (be) run over.

22. (Lie) on this beach is much more pleasant than (sit) in the office.

23. By (neglect) (take) ordinary precautions he endangered the life of his crew.

24. I have no intention of (go) to that film; I couldn’t bear (see) my favourite actress in such a dreadful part.

25. I suggest (telephone) the hospital before (ask) the police (look) for him.

26. After (hear) the conditions I decided (not enter) for the competition.

27. Some people seem (have) a passion for (write) to the newspapers.

28. He expects me (answer) by return but I have no intention of (reply) at all.

29. I tried (explain) to him but he refused (listen) and went on (grumble).

30. By (offer) enormous wages he is persuading men (leave) their present jobs and (work) for him.

31. He postponed (make) a decision till it was too late (do) anything.

32. There is no point in (remain) in a dangerous place if you can’t do anything (help) the people who have (stay) there.

33. The horse won’t be well enough (run) in tomorrow’s race. He doesn’t seem (have recovered) from his long journey.

34. At first I enjoyed (listen) to him but after a while I got tired of (hear) the same story again and again.

35. The police accused him of (set) fire to the building but he denied (have been) in the area on the night of the fire.

36. It’s much better (go) to a hairdresser than (try) (save) time by (cut) your own hair.

37. I’d rather (earn) my living by (scrub) floors than (make) money by (blackmail) people.

38. He didn’t dare (leave) the house because he was afraid of (meet) someone who might (recognize) him.

39. I know my hair wants (cut) but I never have time (go) to the hairdresser’s.

40. He keeps (ask) me the time and I keep (tell) him (buy) himself a watch.

Exercise 13

Decide whether to is functioning as a preposition or as part of an infinitive and then complete the sentences with the gerund or the infinitive forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. The speaker said he would confine himself to (try) to (answer) four questions.

2. By selling council houses, we are able to devote more money to (build) fresh properties.

3. Hard work is the key to (pass) examinations.

4. Having suggested the scheme myself I now feel committed to (try) to (make) it work.

5. I think that it what he said but I can’t swear to (have) heard him correctly.

6. He used to (dislike) London but he now seems resigned to (live) there.

7. Jones came very close to (win) a gold medal for Britain in the Olympics.

8. It might be better to (try) to (discuss) it in his own language as he isn’t used to (speak) English.

9. Most educationalists agree that no teacher’s duties should be limited solely to (teach).

10. Unreliable delivery dates are one of the most important obstacles to (increase) our exports.

Exercise 14

Choose the most suitable form.

1. Most of the scientists (invited / inviting) to the conference were (leading /led) specialists in various branches of economics.

2. Experiment is a test (carried out / being carried out) to gain new knowledge.

3. The number of electronic computers (used / having been used) in any given / giving) field of human activity is an indication of the degree of its modernity.

4. If (informed / informing) of new repressions, the workers will go on strike.

5. When (giving / given) advice to others, think whether you would follow it yourself.

6. Reporters can cause suffering to individuals (by publishing / by being published) details about their private lives.

7. I’m absolutely sure I locked the door. I clearly remember (locking / to lock it).

8. I remembered (locking / to lock) the door when I left but I forgot to shut the windows.

9. In Britain she had a lot of problems as she wasn’t used to (drive /driving) on the left.

10. The streets are unsafe at night. A lot of people are afraid (to go / going out).

11. I don’t usually carry my passport with me. I’m afraid of (losing / to lose) it.

12. (To be / Being) unemployed, he has never got much money, but it is always (embarrassing / embarrassed) for him (to ask / asking) people for help.

13. She avoided (expressing / to express) her opinion in public.

14. Would you mind (answering / to answer) a few questions?

15. He finished the letter with the words “I’m looking forward to (seeing / see) you in London”.

16. The workers complained about (being regularly insulted / having insulted) by the employers.

17. I’m sorry (to bother / bothering) you, but I need to talk to you.

18. I’m sorry (for being / to be) late. I was delayed by the traffic.

19. The article (typing / being typed) now will be published tomorrow.

20. The students have just passed the last exam and one of them suggested (going / to go)to the pub in the evening.

21. I’m sorry (hearing / to hear) that you’ve lost your job.

22. She is a very interesting person. I always enjoy (talking / to talk) to her.

23. If you cross the street without looking you risk (being / having been) knocked down.

24. He is trying to sell his car but nobody is interested (in buying / to buy) it.

25. She lives only a short way from here, so it’s not worth (taking / to take) a taxi to get to her house.

Exercise 15

Define the constructions with verbals. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Science seems to be playing a major part on politics now and it is desirable for people to understand it.

2. For the experiment to be successful he had to do much work before carrying it out.

3. We do not expect the government to cut taxes though it was promised to the people not long ago.

4. This discovery is considered to be the result of a long and thorough investigation.

5. The application of science and technology in all fields is certain to affect the structure of society as a whole.

6. Occasionally, we all have days in which nothing seems to go right.

7. Steve’s coming so late surprised everybody for he was known to be a very punctual person.

8. The manager’s refusing to sign this contract was unexpected result of our talks with one of the foreign companies working in this country.

9. I heard them discussing the agenda of the conference and asked if they would mind my joining their discussion.

10. When we had all his taxes paid, the amount left in the bank was hardly worth mentioning.

11. The standard of living having improved, the families could afford spending more money on foodstuffs.

12. Both scientists and scholars carry out research, the difference between the two is that the former are engaged in exact and natural sciences, while the latter work in the field of the humanities.

Exercise 16

Paraphrase the following sentences using the verbals and constructions with them.

1. She was sorry that she had missed the beginning of the lecture.

2. The problems that will be discussed are vital for our research.

3. The two sides expect that negotiations will be long and difficult.

4. Most of the scientists believe that rapid expansion of industrialization leads to an exhaustion of natural resources.

5. People are sure that science will influence the solution of most important economic and political problems.

6. We waited when the newspapers would publish the information about our new discovery.

7. The teacher insisted that we should take part in the conference.

8. As he didn’t know the language and had no friends in the town he found it hard to get work.

9. As the crisis in the country had passed, people could think about the future again.

10. The problems of pollution have already been discussed at a large number of conferences and some of them have been sponsored by the USA.

11. I smelt that something was burning and suddenly saw that smoke was rising over the roof of the house.

12. O. Wilde welcomed socialism and considered that it would be a better organized society.

Exercise 17

Translate into English.

1. На рекламі сигарет обов’язково повинний бути напис про те, що паління шкідливе для здоров’я.

2. Граючи в шахи з комп’ютером, Каспаров довів перевагу інтелекту над технікою.

3. Слухаючи новини по радіо, ми узнали про землетрус в Індії.

4. Ці стіни потребують фарбування.

5. Вважається, що біг підтюпцем є дуже корисним для здоров’я.

6. Нам потрібно, щоб гроші переказали на наш рахунок до 6 години вечора.

7. Я швидко звикся ходити на роботу у костюмі.

8. Закінчивши передачу, ведучий пішов до бару перекусити перед наступною зйомкою.

9. Я не заперечую, щоб його покарали.

10. Я хочу поїхати до Китаю, щоб прогулятися вздовж Великої стіни.

11. Замість того, щоб купити підручники, Майкл витратив гроші у казино.

12. Марк Твен писав про те, що його обурюють люди, які розмовляють під час театральної вистави.

13. Не можу уявити собі, як ви граєте в казино в карти.

14. Кажуть, що цей чоловік перетнув Атлантичний океан у човні.

15. Вашим обов’язком було негайно повідомити мене про випадок.

16. Джейн закотила порваний рукав свого плаття.

17. У поліцію надійшли заяви декількох людей, обдурених вправним шахраєм.

18. Діставшись вершини гори, альпіністи вирішили трохи перепочити.

19. Хто примусив Сандру виступати з цією жахливою доповіддю?

20. Існують різні способи вирішення цієї проблеми.

21. Я втішений, що мене обрали на цю посаду.

22. Підліткам скомандували підняти руки і повільно повернутися до стіни.

23. Вода була занадто холодною, щоб діти могли купатися.

24. Метою поданої доповіді є аналіз особливостей американської вимови.

25. Якщо ви почнете брехати батькам, зупинитись буде дуже важко.

26. Мати Тереза мала палке серце, сповнене співчуття до бідних людей.

27. Мріючи про нове червоне плаття, Стелла вирушила до магазинів.

28. Мене звинуватили в тому, що я ввів в оману комітет.

29. Впустивши монету на підлогу, Джеймс зрозумів, що не може знайти її в темряві.

30. Він терпіти не може, коли над ним жартують. Враження таке, що він не розуміє жартів.

Exercise 18

Revise the Objective constructions with the infinitive and participle and then translate the sentences into English.

1. Я помітив, що Ліззі почервоніла, але не міг зрозуміти чому.

2. Стіва примусили зателефонувати батькам і запросити їх до школи.

3. Дідо мене звернувся перехожий, і я допоміг знайти йому потрібний будинок.

4. Я охоче спостерігаю за тим, як спілкуються діти.

5. Було темно, але я відчув, як хтось увійшов до кімнати.

6. Я посміхнувся, коли уявив, як мої батьки танцюють на власному весіллі.

7. Друзі примусили Джона повернути борг.

8. Прибиральниця чула, як господар відчиняв двері.

9. Бідолашна Джейн не може зупинити свого чоловіка. Він увесь час грає в комп’ютерні ігри.

10. Ми помітили Джима в ту мить, коли він залазив на дерево.

11. Детектив помітив, як чоловік завернув за ріг.

12. Детектив помітив, що чоловік завертає за ріг.

13. Я уявив собі мати, коли вона буде читати мій лист.

14. Ми не могли спокійно спостерігати, як билися хлопці.

15. Я залишив гостей, коли вони пили каву.

16. Дівчина помітила, як на мосту зупинилась машина.

17. Ми спостерігали, як робітники ремонтували машину.

18. Я помітив, як один поліцейський щось сказав іншому.

19. Я помітила, як чоловік на іншому боці вулиці запалив ліхтар.

20. Не можу уявити, як він їсть морозиво у таку холодну погоду.

21. Його впіймали, коли він ловив рибу у забороненому місці.

22. Вчора увечері патруль помітив двох солдатів, коли вони гуляли з дівчатами у парку.

23. Пан Браун із запаху зрозумів, що жінка готує яєчню.

24. Рада безпеки спостерігає за тим, як обидві сторони виконують умови угоди.

25. Я спостерігав, як жінка вибирала сукню на вечірку.

26. Діти помітили, як над їхнім будинком пролетів гелікоптер.

27. Я почув, як у кімнаті хтось важко дихає.

28. Я чув, що Альберт вже повернувся з відрядження до Франції.

29. Я помітив, що вона часто бреше батькам.

30. Нарешті син примусив батьків купити йому велосипед.

31. Ми бачили, як офіціант приніс замовлення за сусідній столик.

32. Цей чоловік ніколи не чув, як у лісі співають птахи.

33. Поліція впіймала злочинця, коли він зламував сейф.

34. Пола відчула, як хтось обережно підійшов до неї.

35. Я уявляю собі, як завтра увійду до цієї зали.

36. Пітера примусили відшкодувати всі збитки.

37. Ми помітили, як вона посміхалася.

38. Бабуся застала онука за поїданням шоколадних цукерок.

39. Вони чули, як їхні батьки розмовляють англійською мовою.

40. Ми помітили кішку, коли вона їла на кухні рибу.

Exercise 19

Translate into English.

1. Терористи примусили пілотів посадити літак.

2. Увійшовши до кафе, я із запаху зрозумів, що бармен готує капучино

3. Поліцейський помітив, що якийсь чоловік намагається відімкнути двері.

4. Нова книжка така нудна, що читається з великими складнощами.

5. Вважаючи пана Гріна порядною людиною, багато хто довірив йому свої заощадження.

6. Якщо припустити, що ти маєш рацію, усі ми повинні зараз повернутися до табору.

7. Виглянувши у вікно, я помітила, як хтось спіткнувся і впав.

8. Я помітив Пітера в обсерваторії, де він зацікавлено розглядав щось у телескоп.

9. Пола уявила, як вона танцює в цьому недоладному одязі, і зжахнулася.

10. Так темно, що я майже нічого не бачу, але відчуваю, коли хтось входить до кімнати.

11. Тільки уявіть собі, як ваша дочка буде гуляти і гратися з цуценям.

12. Сховавшись за дверима, Том слухав, як батьки обговорюють його майбутнє.

13. За умови, що ваші розрахунки точні, ми можемо закінчити експеримент вже завтра.

14. Квітучий вигляд цього негідника діє мені на нерви.

15. Цей бісовий портьє відмовився пропустити нас до готелю.

16. Чаруюча простота принцеси Діани зробила її улюбленицею мільйонів людей у всьому світі.

17. Ніхто ніколи не бачив, щоб він читав газети.

18. Обеззброююча відвертість відповіді вразила слідчого.

19. Керуючись інструкціями рецепту, дітям вдалося спекти непоганий пиріг.

20. Я слухав доповідача і не міг позбавитися враження, що я десь його вже бачив.

21. Він не любить, коли йому нагадують про його походження.

22. Хлопчиків покарали за те, що вони розбили вікно.

23. Здавалося, їй було шкода того, що вона така груба зі мною.

24. Артурові докоряли тим, що він запізнився і змусив усю компанію чекати.

25. Наш план полягає в тому, що закінчити роботу в саду до початку дощу.

26. Я пам’ятаю, що бачив цього актора в якійсь іншій п’єсі.

27. Мабуть, дуже приємно пити таку холодну воду у такий спекотний день.

28. Сперечатися з ним – тільки марно гаяти час.

29. Пасажири, які залишають свої речі в камері схову, отримують б квитанцію.

30. Ми вдали, що не помітили помилки, щоб не засмучувати його.

31. Його батьки не схвалюють, що він так багато грає у футбол.

32. На допиті програміст визнав, що створив новий вірус, проте додав, що його примусили зробити це.

33. Не дивлячись на те, що жокей пошкодив ногу, він зміг виграти перегони.

34. Немає сенсу купувати машину, якщо ви не вмієте нею керувати, і не маєте коштів на її обслуговування.

35. Співак тимчасово переїхав до Лондону, щоб записати новий диск.

36. Поговоривши телефоном з Памелою, чоловік так засмутився, що пішов на роботу не закінчивши свій сніданок.

37. Здається, вони закохані один в одного вже багато років.

38. Схопивши валізу, злодій швидко побіг до виходу з вокзалу.

39. Тремтячи від страху і втоми, туристи з жахом дивилися на велику чорну хмару.

40. Енн не може змусити старшого сина зробити уроки, зате молодший сидить над книжками, не піднімаючи голови.

MOOD

Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality.

In Modern English we distinguish three moods.

The Indicative Mood

The Imperative Mood

The Subjunctive Mood

The Indicative Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a fact.

e.g. She went to college in the morning.

The text was translated yesterday.

The Imperative Mood expresses a command or a request.

e.g. Please put the papers on the table.

Don’t look at him, please.

The Subjunctive Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a non-fact as something imaginary or desired. The Subjunctive Mood is also used to express an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts.

• I wish I had a car.

• Even though I was (were) really tired, I couldn’t sleep.

The Subjunctive Mood has:

The synthetic forms	The analytical forms
Be it so! God forbid!	Should, would, may, might, shall + Infinitive Whoever you may be, I am deeply grateful to you. I wish you would stop thanking me.

The synthetic forms of the Subjunctive Mood can be traced to the Old English period, when the Subjunctive Mood was chiefly expressed by synthetic forms. In Old English the Subjunctive Mood had a special set of inflections, different from those of the Indicative. In course of time most of the inflections were lost and the difference between the forms of the Subjunctive and those of the Indicative has almost disappeared. However, in Modern English there are a few synthetic forms of the Subjunctive which have survived; they are as follows:

the Present Subjunctive of all the verbs and the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be

Present Subjunctive		Past Subjunctive
to be	to have, to know, to speak, etc.	to be	to have, to know, to speak, etc.
I be he, she, it be you be we be they be	I have (know, speak, etc.) He (she, it) have (know, speak, etc.) We have (know, speak, etc.) You have (know, speak, etc.) They have (know, speak, etc.)	I were He, she, it were You were They were	_________

In the Present Subjunctive the verb to be has the form be for all the persons singular and plural, which differs from the corresponding forms of the Indicative Mood.

The Present Subjunctive denotes an action referring to the present or future. This form is seldom used in Modern English; it may be found in poetry and in elevated prose, where these forms are archaisms used with a certain stylistic aim. It is also used in scientific language and in the language of official documents, where it is a living form. The Present Subjunctive also occurs in some set expressions (e.g. Be it so! God forbid!) In American English the Present Subjunctive is used not only in the above mentioned cases but also in colloquial language (e.g. He called to the hospital and insisted that one of the doctors come to the phone).

In the Past Subjunctive the verb to be has the form were for all the persons singular and plural, which in the singular differs from the corresponding form of the Indicative Mood.

The Past Subjunctive is widely used in Modern English and occurs not only in literature but also in colloquial language

The term ”Past Subjunctive” is merely traditional as in Modern English it does not necessarily express a past action. In adverbial clauses of condition it denotes an unreal condition referring to the present or future. In other types of subordinate clauses it denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause; thus it may refer to the present and to the past.

The analytical forms of the Subjunctive Mood consist of the mood auxiliaries should, would, may (might) or shall (which is seldom used) and the infinitive of the notional verb. Mood auxiliaries have developed from modal verbs, which have lost their modality and serve to form the analytical Subjunctive.

The Subjunctive Mood is used in:

• Simple sentences:

Success attend you!

May success attend you!

If only he were here!

Confound these flies!

Be it so!

• Complex sentences:

1. Conditional sentences ( I would stay a bit longer if I’d got plenty of time);

2. Adverbial clauses:

   • of purpose (that, so that, in order that):

She opens the window so that she may (might) get a breath of air.

• of concessions (though, although, however, no matter, whatever, whoever):

However tired he may (might) be he will go to the concert.

• of time and place (wherever, whenever):

Whenever you may (might) come, you are welcome.

• of comparison (as if, as though):

She spoke about him as if she knew him.

3. Predicative clauses:

• (as if, as though, with the verbs to be, to feel, to look, to seem)

I feel as if I were seven years back.

• after nouns wish, suggestion, aim, idea:

My wish was that you should come.

4. Subject clauses:

It is (was) necessary (important, right, requested, recommended, better, desirable, of vital importance) that we should do the work.

5. Object clauses:

• after wish:

I wish I were young again.

• after lest (with should, may, might):

She fears (feared) lest she should be blamed.

• After the verbs to order, to suggest, to advise, to desire (should for all persons is used):

He orders (ordered) that everything should be ready by 5 o’clock.

6. Attributive clauses (it’s time, it’s high time)

• It’s time we went home.

7. The Subjunctive Mood is used to express the emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts.

• It is strange I should have never have heard him even mention your name.

• Why should you and I talk about it?

• I am sorry you should take such needless trouble.