- •Передмова
- •The noun
- •Guide to Forming Plurals
- •Irregular plurals
- •Inanimate nouns in personification
- •Exercises
- •London Favourite Stores
- •The article
- •Special difficulties in the use of articles
- •Exercises
- •Esop and his Fables
- •The farmer and his Sons
- •In Search of …Good Job
- •Exercise 23
- •The adjective
- •The Category of Degrees of Comparison
- •Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
- •Comparative Constructions with the Adjectives
- •Some difficulties in the use of the Adjective: Degrees of Comparison
- •Adjectives referring to Countries, Nationalities and Languages
- •Nationalities
- •Compound Adjectives
- •Word Order of Adjectives before a Noun
- •Noun modifiers
- •Adverbs Or Adjectives: confusing cases.
- •Adjectives ending in –ed: pronunciation
- •Exercises
- •Never Again!
- •Exercise 25
- •A Bigger Heart
- •Modal verbs
- •Can / could
- •Exercises
- •May / might
- •Exercises
- •Must, have to, be to
- •Exercises
- •____________ Have to
- •Dare and need
- •Exercises
- •Shall / should, ought to
- •Exercises
- •How would you cope around the world?
- •Will / would
- •Exercises
- •General review of all modals
- •Instructions:
- •(The Verbals)
- •The Infinitive
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier of Purpose
- •The Adverbial Modifier of Result.
- •The Secondary Predicative
- •Infinitive without Particle to (Bare Infinitive)
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •Infinitive constructions
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •Beach Safety
- •Exercise 35
- •It is important / useful / necessary /
- •The gerund
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Exercises
- •The participle
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •Exercises
- •Survival for hikers
- •Exercise 34
- •General review of all verbals
- •Forms Expressing Unreality in Different Types of Subordinate Clauses
- •The Use of the Subjunctive Mood in Conditional Sentences
- •The First Conditional
- •The Second Conditional
- •The Third Conditional
- •Exercises
- •Exercise 10
- •In the President’s Chair
- •Would you stay silent if …
- •Would you feel afraid of if …
- •Would you cry if …
- •List of Sources
- •Internet Sources
- •Contents
The participle
The Participle is a non-finite form which has certain verbal features and the syntactical functions of adjectival and adverbial character.
There are two participles in English – Participle I and Participle II. They are also called the present and the past participles though they differ in voice rather than in tense.
Objective verbs have four forms of Participle I:
Indefinite active |
Indefinite passive |
writing |
being written |
Perfect active |
Perfect passive |
having written |
having been written |
Subjective verbs have only two forms of Participle I:
Indefinite active |
Indefinite passive |
standing |
- |
Perfect active |
Perfect passive |
having stood |
- |
Participle II has only one form: written.
Most subjective verbs have no forms of Participle II outside the analytical forms of the verb. (Such participles as died, risen, walked can not be used predicatively or attributively, they only help to form the analytical forms of the verb – have walked, etc.)
The tenses of the participle are relative and show whether the action named by the participle took place at the same time with that of the finite verb or whether it preceded it.
Participle I Indefinite active (or passive) shows that the action named by the participle took place at the same time with that of the finite verb. These forms denote simultaneousness in the present, past or future.
E.g. That day we stayed at home watching TV.
Participle I Perfect active and passive shows that the action named by the participle preceded that of the finite verb. These forms denote priority to a present, past or future action.
E.g. Having said what I was obliged to say I want to tell you now how sorry I am.
Participle II in most cases denotes priority.
E.g. She pulled the long forgotten letter out of its hiding place.
Participle II may sometimes have a meaning of simultaneousness.
E.g. The dog carried by a child gave a sharp yelp of protest.
Participle I Indefinite and Perfect may take direct objects.
E.g. Holding the child close to her she seemed to be showing him something.
Having written the last word she looked up interrogatively.
Participles I and II may be modified by adverbs.
E.g. Deeply hurt, she cleared the table silently.
We saw him crossing the street very quickly.
The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
Functions |
Patterns |
Notes |
Predicative |
My friend’s story was amusing. |
Participle I is usually rendered into Ukrainian by an adjective. |
Attribute |
The smiling faces of children failed to cheer him up. The train arriving on the platform 4 is one hour late. |
|
Part of a complex object |
I could hear the wind whistling all night. |
This construction with Participle I corresponds to a subordinate object clause in Ukrainian. |
Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (manner) |
He was standing at the bridge admiring the beautiful view. |
|
Adverbial modifier of cause (reason) |
The book being written in simple English is suitable for beginners. |
|
Adverbial modifier of time |
While doing his homework John was interrupted several times. |
|
Adverbial modifier of comparison |
She blushed as if being asked something rude. |
|
Parenthesis |
Speaking frankly I consider the plan to be unwise.
|
|
The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
Functions |
Indicators |
Patterns |
Predicative |
After the link verbs: to be, to seem, to look, to remain, to grow, to turn, etc. |
My question to him remained unanswered. We were very shocked when we heard the news.
|
Attribute |
|
Some roads were blocked by fallen trees. The story told by the man fascinated me.
|
Part of a complex object |
|
He always found himself surrounded by admiring readers. We have never heard his opera sung in Italian. I want it done by tomorrow.
Jill has her roof repaired. You must make your news known.
|
Adverbial modifier of time |
Usually after conjunction when |
When given a dictionary he translated the article at once. |
Adverbial modifier of condition |
After if, when |
If insisted I will gladly come to your house. When seen in this light, the matter doesn’t seem so serious. |
Adverbial modifier of comparison |
After as if, as though |
He stood as though struck by my words. |
Adverbial modifier of concession |
After though |
Though impressed by the news, he didn’t show it. |
Constructions with the Participle