1. Survival for hikers

If you plan to go hiking in the wilderness or a national park, make sure you are prepared. A compass, a knife and maps are essential items to take with you. You should also take wooden matches in a waterproof case; some concentrated food, such as nuts and dried fruit; and water in a canteen. Plan for emergencies as well. Take along first-aid equipment, shelter for the rain, and extra clothes. In order to stay warm, your head, hands, and feet must be warm, so include gloves, extra socks and a wool hat.

If you get lost in the woods, first try to backtrack and find the trail you were on. Look for trail signs other people may have left, such as piles of rocks, tied bunches of grass, or broken branches. Sit down and try to figure out which direction you came from. Then go back that way.

If you can’t find the trail, try to explore the area, making your pass as you go. Climb a tree and look for landmarks. During the day, look for roads or rooftops in the distance. At night, look for lights and sniff the air. You may be able to smell smoke from a campfire. If you detect any of these signs, start to walk in their direction, but if it is dark, find shelter for the night and wait until morning. Even a full moon won’t give you enough light, and it can throw shadows that hide dangers.

If you are lost, don’t expect to be rescued. Even if someone knows you are lost and sends out a search party, it may not find you. Therefore, if you can get out on your own, do so. However, if you cannot move far for some reason, build a bright fire at night and a smoky one during the day. Try to clear an area that can be seen from the air and use rocks to write a message. You can also use bright colours, shiny metal, or mirrors to signal aircraft. Above all, do not panic.

(From Spectrum)

B.

Outside, nothing moved, it was as though the world had been bound by ice and frost and only he was free and alive, pushing the wheelchair along the glistening street. Out on the path beside the sea wall, the cold was like a solid block through which he had to pass. The sky was quite clear, arching over the sea and the marshes and pricking with stars. The wheels of the chair slid smoothly along the path, making no sound.

A little way beyond the Martello tower, the wall jutted out as a breakwater, like a finger pointing into the sea. He walked to the very end, and then stopped, and went forward, to look down through the darkness. The stones were very slippery. Below him, the sea moved, the tide was high up at the top of the beach. Here it was very glassy, very deep, the beach shelved down steeply so that even at slow tide, this end of the jetty was surrounded by it.

Duncan hesitated, waiting. A wave built up, stirring the surface of the water, rising as it moved towards the shingle.

Duncan put his hands in his pockets and began to walk very quickly away, watching his feet over the black ice. By the Martello, he looked up. The sea had started to shine queerly with phosphor, like cold fire. To his left, the marshes creaked with frost, the hidden birds completely still. He ran harder, ducking his head.

(From The Albatross by S. Hill)

>Note:

Martello tower – a circular tower formerly used in Britain for coastal defence. Some can still be seen on the south coast of Britain.

Exercise 8

State the functions of Participle I. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Put questions beginning with why and when.

1. Finding himself short of petrol the motorist drew up at the next filling station.

2. Having gone into the question of how much the holiday would cost, they decided to stay at home.

3. Discovering that he had a talent for music, the shop assistant gave up his job to become a professional singer.

4. Learning that his newspaper had been taken over by a rival publisher, the editor resigned from his position.

5. Having finished the exercise he gave a sign of relief.

6. The man lost interest in his work, having been passed over in favour of an outsider, when a senior position became vacant.

7. Having been hit by a huge wave, the rowing boat turned over.

8. Having been told what English food like, they decided not to spend their holiday in England.

Exercise 9

Analyse the following dialogues and texts.

Present Participle (as adjective)	Present Participle (introducing an adjectival phrase)
Jim: That banging door is getting on my nerves. I haven’t slept at all tonight. I might as well get up and make a cup of tea. Jean: That’s an interesting idea. You could close the door at the same time. Jim: Oh! What’s a flashing light over there? My goodness! It’s a police car. What do they want? Policeman (at the door): Sorry to disturb you, sir, but have you noticed the strong burning smell? I’m afraid your garage has already burned to the ground.	Forester: Do you see those pine trees standing to the right of us? The whitish-looking ones with no leaves. Tourist: Yes. Why do they look different from all the others? Forester: The leaves lying on the ground give us the answer. And the little insects running around all over the tree trunks will kill off the trees here. Within the next six months you will be standing in a graveyard containing only a few rotten tree trunks. Tourist: Can’t the authorities do anything about it?
Past Participle (as adjective)	Past Participle (introducing an adjectival phrase)
Charles: I’ve said this before, I know, but look at this flat. It really is the last time we have a party here. There are four smashed glasses and three broken plates and there seem to be bits of uneaten food everywhere. David: You are right – and look at the rug. It’s ruined. There’s red wine all over it. Martin: Come on – stop feeling so disgusted. We’d better get on and clean the place up.	The town almost deserted since the battles with the enemy, stood black and half-ruined. Many houses, hit and destroyed by bombs and gun-fire, were nothing more than piles of stones. There were still a few people left amongst the buildings. Now, after the soldiers had gone away, they were beginning to creep out. Shocked by what they saw around, they stood silently.

Exercise 10

Join each of the following pairs of sentences using different forms of the participle as it is shown in the model.

Model: He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground. – Getting off his horse, he began searching…

I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there – Having seen photographs of the place, I had no desire…

The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions. – Infuriated by the interruptions, the speaker refused …

1. I knew hat he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.

2. We barricaded the windows. We assembled in the hall.

3. She became tired of my complaints about the programme. She turned it off.

4. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper.

5. She hoped to find the will. She searched everywhere.

6. The criminal removed all traces of his crime. He left the building.

7. He realized that he had missed the last train. He began to walk.

8. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed.

9. He had spent all his money. He decided to go home and ask his father for a job.

10. He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where he could get food.

11. She didn’t want to hear the story again. He had heard it all before.

12. They found the money. They began quarrelling about how to divide it.

13. She entered the room suddenly. She found them smoking.

14. I turned on the light. I was astonished at what I saw.

15. We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch in the park.

16. He offered to show us the way home. He thought we were lost.

17. He found his revolver. He loaded it. He sat down facing the door.

18. She asked me to help her. She realized that she couldn’t move it alone.

19. He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner.

20. He addressed the congregation. He said he was sorry to see how few of them had been able to come.

21. He thought he must have made a mistake somewhere. He went through his calculations again.

22. I have looked through the fashion magazines. I realized that my clothes are hopelessly out of date.

23. The tree had fallen across the road. It had been uprooted by the gale.

24. People were sleeping in the next room. They were wakened by the sound of breaking glass.

25. I knew that the murderer was still at large. I was extremely reluctant to open the door.

26. He stole the silver. He looked for a place to hide it.

27. We were soaked to the skin. We eventually reached the station.

28. I sat in the front row. I used opera glasses. I saw everything beautifully.

29. She believed that she could trust him absolutely. She gave him a blank cheque.

30. She wore extremely fashionable clothes. She was surrounded by photographers and pressmen. She swept up to the microphone.

Exercise 11

Paraphrase the following according to the model.

Model: He was shocked by her behaviour. He refused to sign the contract. – Shocked by her behaviour, he refused to sign a contract.

1. He was asked about the visit. He refused to explain it.

2. She was surprised by his proposal. She agreed to come.

3. He was offered a million dollars. He gave in.

4. He was expelled from college. He had to return home.

5. He was trained by the best expert. He won the competition.

6. The document was prepared by the experts. It was flawless.

7. The dress was designed by Valentine. It looked fantastic.

8. The singer was flattered by their compliment. She decided to sing.

9. He was injured in the accident. He had to quit the job.

10. He was introduced by the host. He could take parting the conversation.

11. The treaty was approved by the parliament. It came into force.

12. The song was written by a talented composer. It became very popular.

13. The pizza was made in a proper way. It tasted great.

14. The room was cleaned by the chambermaid. It was spotless.

15. The text was translated hastily. It had a lot of mistakes.

16. The book was bought in Oxford. It was then presented to John.

17. The vegetables were grown in a greenhouse. They were not very tasty.

18. The dolls were collected by my daughter. They are very precious to me.

19. The message was announced in three languages. It was understood by everybody.

20. The statue was created by Rodent. It is perfect.

Exercise 12

Paraphrase the following according to the model.

Model: If you freeze fruit, it can last long. – Fruit, when frozen, can last long.

The university was recognized as a major center, but it had not been funded properly for many years. – Though recognized as a major center, the university had not been funded properly for many years.

1. If someone asks you about your plans, give no comments.

2. If someone invites you to America, take some national souvenirs with you.

3. Although the project was criticized, it won the prize.

4. Although the film was presented with much hype, it was a flop.

5. Although John was irritated, he kept himself under control.

6. Until John was explained the difference, he could not understand the rule.

7. Until Sarah was shown all the sights, she did not leave the city.

8. When you mix drinks, they taste better.

9. When you feed silver fox on fish, it gives good fur.

10. If you choose your clothes correctly, they help to create a positive image.

11. If you maintain your car in order, it can be used for decades.

12. Although Jack was promoted, he didn’t forget old friends.

13. Although Jane was bored to death, she didn’t show it.

14. Although everyone was depressed by the refusal, we continued to work.

15. If you submit your claim in time, it can be considered quickly.

16. If you finish the picture by Sunday, it may be sent to Paris.

17. If you deliver he samples in time, they may be exhibited.

18. If you slice salami, it tastes better.

19. Although Jeff was explained the way to the railway station, he soon lost it.

20. Although Linda was invited to sit down, she continued to stand.

Exercise 13

Paraphrase the following according to the model.

Model: The hurricane smashed the village. It was a sad sight. – The sight of the village smashed by the hurricane was sad.

1. The lady sat in the corner. She was obsessed with one thought.

2. Shakespeare’s wife was a remarkable woman. He praised her in numerous sonnets.

3. The house needs to be repaired. It was built in the nearly 20s.

4. The coins are very valuable. My brother collected them.

5. I know many of these people. Jack invited all of them to his birthday party.

6. Remind me the rule. Our teacher explained it to us yesterday.

7. The opera made a great impression upon the audience. It was composed by Puccini.

8. The pupil will get this prize. He will be chosen by the jury.

9. The papers will be passed over to the committee. But our director has to sign them first.

10. The electric bulb is the essential element of modern life. It was invented by Edison.

11. The man is a lunatic. We locked him in the room.

12. The song became very popular. It was recorded by Madonna.

13. The pupils won’t go for a walk. They are occupied with their home-work.

14. The event happened ten years ago. They described it in this book.

15. The song was written by Elton John. It was dedicated to Princess Diana.

16. The woman is my wife. She is dressed in white.

17. The boy refused to tell the truth. He was frightened to death.

18. The pie is the tastiest in the world. My wife cooked it.

19. The agent was arrested in China. He worked for MI-6.

20. The film is very picturesque. It was shot in Australia.

Exercise 14

Make sentences according to the model.

Model: The police noticed them. They had to break through. – Having been noticed, they had to break through.

1. The company dismissed her. She had to look for a job.

2. He exposed her. She had to apologize.

3. The boy pushed me. I had to keep my balance.

4. I introduced Mary and she moved to other guests.

5. Mother dressed her daughter. Now she could go for a walk.

6. The doctor examined Sheila and she could return home.

7. The watchman fed the animals and they fell asleep.

8. Jason pitied he dog and it followed him to the house.

9. Sarah recognized me and I had to answer.

10. Missy watched George so he had to cross the road carefully.

11. The boss dismissed Mr. Black after we told him the truth.

12. The rebels overthrew the government so it had to go into exile.

13. We joined our friends and all the company went to the restaurant.

14. In 1895 Marconi invented radio. Soon it became used all over the world.

15. The book was translated into 12 languages and soon became an international bestseller.

16. Mother took her children to the theatre. They felt so important.

17. The salesman repeated everybody the price so many times that we all remembered it well.

18. The tenants abandoned the house and it soon collapsed.

19. The leader awarded us. We felt very flattered.

20. The press accused Prime Minister of corruption. He had to resign.

Exercise 15

Paraphrase the following according to the model.

Model: The people who were questioned – the people questioned.

1. The secret which was forgotten long ago;

2. the leader who was betrayed;

3. the law that was approved unanimously;

4. the boy who was excluded from the list;

5. the church that was destroyed;

6. the prisoner who was released recently;

7. the cars which were imported;

8. the letter which was received earlier;

9. the facts that were mentioned above;

10. the prison that is much spoken about;

11. the agreement that was reached;

12. the payment which was delayed long ago;

13. the photo which was taken recently;

14. the bar which is visited frequently;

15. the rule which is mentioned before;

16. the terms which were offered;

17. the man who is much hated;

18. the game which was invented;

19. the guest who was invited;

20. the cup which was broken.

Exercise 16

Use the appropriate form of the First Participle of the verbs in brackets.

1. (to look) out of the window, she saw there was a man working in the garden.

2. That night, (to go) up to his room Shelton thought of his unpleasant duty.

3. (to descend) to the hall, he came on her (to cross) to her study, with a handful of official-looking papers.

4. The carriage was almost full, and (to put) his bag up in the rack, he took his seat.

5. (to know) that she couldn’t trust Jim, she sent Peter instead.

6. (to do) all that was required, he was the last to leave the office.

7. (to return) home in the afternoon, she became conscious of her mistake.

8. He couldn’t join his friends (to be) still busy in the laboratory.

9. (to finish) his work, he seemed more pleased than usual.

10. (to step) inside, he found himself in what had once been a sort of office.

11. He left the room again, (to close) the door behind him with a bang.

12. I spent about ten minutes (to turn) over the sixteen pages of “The times” before I found the chief news and articles.

13. (to turn) to the main street, he ran into Donald and Mary (to return) from school.

14. (to return) from the expedition he wrote a book about Central Africa.

15. (to get) out of bed she ran to the window and drew the curtain inside.

Exercise 17

Use the participles given in brackets (overflowing, passing, looking, turning, moving, setting, opening, dozing, wondering, giggling, going). Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Philip felt his heart _____ with love for his family.

2. “I just happened to be in the neighbourhood”, Irvin said, “and found myself _____ by”.

3. He turned and saw a pair of dark eyes _____ at him through the window of the club.

4. He could feel himself _____ red.

5. As they danced they watched Chris and Philip’s mother _____ about the room.

6. They turned to see the sun _____.

7. He glanced up too see the door slowly _____.

8. I found him _____ under the tree.

9. The news left me _____ what would happen next.

10. My clumsy mistake set all the girls _____.

11. Please, start the clock _____.

Exercise 18

Complete the sentences using one of the words in the box.

Amusing / amused, confusing / confused, exhausting / exhausted, annoying / annoyed, disgusting / disgusted, interesting / interested, boring / bored, exciting / excited, surprising / surprised

1. He works very hard. It’s not _____ that he is always tired.

2. I’ve got nothing to do. I’m _____.

3. The teacher’s explanation was _____. Most of the students didn’t understand it.

4. The kitchen hasn’t been cleaned for years. It was really _____.

5. I seldom visit art galleries. I’m not particularly ______ in art.

6. There‘s no need to get ______ just because I’m few minutes late.

7. The lecture was ______. I fell asleep.

8. I asked Emily if she wanted to come out with us but she wasn’t _____.

9. I’ve been working very hard all day and now I’m _____.

10. I’m starting a new job next week. I’m quite ______ about it.

11. Tom is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very _____.

12. Liz is a very ______ person. She knows a lot, she has travelled a lot and she’s done lots of different things.

Exercise 19

Open the brackets using the correct form of the participle. Do not mix these:

• Interested spectators – interesting films

• Excited children – exciting games

• Bored students – boring lessons

• Burned woods – burning fires

• Sunk ships – sinking ships

1. A crowd of (excite) people were watching the firemen trying to save the (burn) building.

2. “During my vacation I came across several extremely (interest) books,” said he. “Which ones?” she asked in an (interest) voice.

3. Why do you look so worry? – I’ve had a number of (worry) telephone calls lately.

4. I don’t know what was in the (burn) letter, I don’t read it.

5. Nothing can save the (sink) ship now, all we can do is to try and save the passengers.

6. It was an (excite) incident. No wonder she spoke about it in an (excite) voice.

7. After hearing the (frighten) tale, the (frighten) children wouldn’t go to sleep.

8. The doctor did his best to convince her that there was nothing seriously wrong with the boy, but the (worry) mother wouldn’t calm down.

Exercise 20

Say whether the following sentences contain gerunds or -ing participles. Specify why you made your decision.

1. Our teacher has demonstrated an amazing attitude about that problem.

2. They could stop him from dropping the course.

3. He walked slowly, looking at the shop windows.

4. Seeing is believing.

5. I hate hunting.

6. Having meals alfresco is possible when the weather is nice.

7. We enjoy getting out of town.

8. John’s illness kept him from playing tennis for some days.

9. Jack’s having passed his exam surprised his teacher.

10. I saw them running across the street.

11. By listening to some pleasant music, he was able to relax.

12. Having done the work, he left the room.

Exercise 21

Read the following sentences with adverbial clauses and form a participle clause. Follow the model.

Model: As we looked down the street, we saw a crowd of people. – Looking down the street, we saw a crowd of people.

1. Since we were tired after the long hike, we decided to stay at home.

2. As he opened the door, he saw a stranger in the room.

3. As she switched on the radio, she heard some pleasant music.

4. Since they were exhausted from the long working day, they wanted to have some rest.

5. Since she was unwell, she stayed at home.

6. Since I was sad, I didn’t want to have a talk with anyone.

7. As we crossed the square, we saw our friends near the hotel.

8. As she looked up the window, she saw a pretty child.

Exercise 22

Replace the attributive clauses in the following sentences by phrases with the Second Participle, where possible.

1. By a residential college we mean a college with a hostel which is usually situated on the same grounds as the principle building.

2. The slogan which was made by Mike’s brother attracted everybody’s attention.

3. The child that was left alone in the large room began to scream.

4. I have a letter for you which was received two days ago.

5. They were all pleased with the results which were achieved by the end of the month.

6. His words, which he uttered in an undertone, reached my ears.

7. The storm that caused a lot of harm to the crops abated late at night.

8. The boy who had broken the windowpane ran away and didn’t appear till the evening.

9. He said that the book which I had chosen belonged to his grandfather.

10. I asked the librarian to show me the magazines which were sent from German.

11. Everybody felt that in the farewell dinner there was sadness which was mingled with festivity.

12. We were all looking at his smiling face which was framed in the window of the railway-carriage.

13. There was another pause which was broken by a fit of laughing of one of the old men sitting in the first row.

14. There lay a loaf of brown bread which was divided into two halves.

15. The English people love their green hedges which are covered with leaf and flower in summer, and a blaze of gold and red in autumn.

16. From his essay we learn about various goods which are produced in Birmingham and the adjoining manufacturing towns.

17. The teacher told us that the centre of the cotton industry is Manchester, which is connected with Liverpool by a canal.

18. Tennis is one of the most popular games in England which is played all the year round.

19. In the South of England we find fertile valleys which are divided by numerous hedges.

20. They say that in their college, as well as in ours, the students have lots of exams which are held at the end of each term.

Exercise 23

Replace the attributive and adverbial clauses in the following sentences by participle phrases.

1. We were tired and thirsty, for we had been on the road since eight o’clock in the morning, and it was a hot day.

2. One day towards evening when both the old people were sitting in front of their cottage, they caught sight of a young girl with a bundle in her hand.

3. The lady was waiting for her sister who was arriving by the 7.30 train.

4. I hailed the first taxi that passed by and reached the station at ten minutes to three.

5. One morning, as Johnny was looking out of the window, he saw in his neighbour’s orchard a great number of fine red apples which had fallen from the trees.

6. Here and there were signs that he flower-beds had been trampled upon by excited villagers who tried to reach the windows.

7. “I’m late,” she remarked, as she sat down and drew off her gloves.

8. As he didn’t know the way to the station very well he often stopped to ask people who were passing by.

9. He looked like an African savage who was being shown a simple conjuring trick.

10. The old woman told me with pride that the healthy-looking child that was playing beside us was her grandson.

11. She returned presently and brought a tray with a jug of milk.

12. The path that was leading through the coppice soon got lost in the high grass.

Exercise 24

Replace the participle phrases in the following sentences by attributive or adverbial clauses.

1. A middle-aged woman, wearing a print apron, stood at the door of the cottage.

2. She looked down at the floor as though seeing something there.

3. On a sunny afternoon arriving at the house in Malta Street, he found it deserted.

4. A snake sleeping in the grass will bite if anyone treads upon it.

5. Being seven, she often wore her favourite brown velvet frock barely reaching the knees of her thin legs.

6. Suddenly, while watching the fear she was trying to hide, he believed her story.

7. The golden light, still lying in sheets upon the water, dazzled him for a moment.

8. I felt a bitter envy towards the two small boys walking along the path with their mother at that moment.

9. It’s an old face for twenty-five, Jan thought, watching the wrinkles that fanned out from eyes to temples.

10. Jim, not being sure of her real intentions, merely looked at her and paused for a moment.

11. Having satisfied himself that each guest had a plate of food and a glass of water, he was anxious to make conversation.

12. Returning home late at night, he found everybody in bed.

13. Reaching the top of the hill my companion stopped.

14. Having filled his pockets with apples, the boy was about to run away when he saw the owner of the garden with a stick in his hand.

15. The letter, beginning with “Dear sir” was not signed.

16. Having addressed and sealed the parcel, I went out at once to the Main Post Office.

Exercise25

Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using either a non-perfect Participle I (e.g. knowing), a perfect Participle I (e.g. having known), or Participle II (e.g. known). These participle constructions are more common in written English. Models:

• He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground. – Getting off his horse, he began searching for something on the ground.

• I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there. – Having seen photographs of the place, I had no desire to go there.

• The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions. – Infuriated by the interruptions, the speaker refused to continue.

1. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper.

2. He realized that he had missed the last train. He began to walk.

3. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed.

4. She didn’t want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before.

5. She entered the room suddenly. She found them smoking.

6. I turned on the light. I was astonished at what I saw.

7. We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch at the park.

8. He offered to show us the way home. He thought we were lost.

9. She asked me to help her. She realized she couldn’t move it alone.

10. He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner.

11. I have looked through the fashion magazines. I realize that my clothes are hopelessly out of date.

12. We were soaked to the skin. We eventually reached the station.

13. I didn’t like to sit down. I knew that the grass was very wet.

14. They found the treasure. They began quarrelling about how to divide it.

15. I sat in the front row. I used a pair of binoculars. I saw everything beautifully.

Exercise 26

Supply the correct forms of the words in brackets.

1. “That’s it!” cried the boy (to jump) up of his chair.

2. (To come) from abroad, the tourists went sightseeing.

3. (To live) alone they began to discuss the plan.

4. (To be asked) a question the student was a bit confused.

5. (To buy) a new house, they decided to move into it as soon as possible.

6. I heard my friend (to play) the piano.

7. The boy stood still at the sight of the (to approach) gardener.

8. (To speak) slowly, with a strong German accent, the man said: “How do you do?”

9. While (to travel) in Italy the tourists visited a lot of beautiful cities.

10. Defoe wrote a novel about a (shipwreck) man.

11. “That’s very strange,” said the woman (to smile).

12. We disliked the film (to show) on TV yesterday.

13. They sell books (to publish) for children.

14. A (to break) chair lay on the floor.

15. He is (to surprise) at her words.

16. What are you (to annoy) at?

17. We are (to interest) in music.

18. She looked at the child, (to smile).

19. I saw her (to read) a book.

20. We heard her (to play) the violin.

21. (To get) an excellent mark, he smiled happily.

22. When (to ask) about his success at the University, he didn’t say a word.

23. When was the parcel (to receive)?

24. Was the film (to amuse)?

25. They left the room (to see) by no one.

26. (To arrange) everything, he decided to have a little rest.

27. The girl (to wear) a red dress is my sister.

28. When (to translate) an article you should use a dictionary.

29. The letter (to receive) from her friends surprised Alice.

30. She lay on the sofa (to read) a book.

31. (To have) a sweet tooth, she buys a lot of sweets.

32. (To be) a sporty man, he plays tennis every day.

33. The toys (to lie) on the floor reminded her of her childhood.

34. (To inform) of the arrival of the guests, they went to the airport.

Exercise 27

Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English.

1. Пітер повільно йшов вулицею, розглядаючи все навкруги.

2. Коли діти виконали домашнє завдання, вони пішли гуляти.

3. Олена сиділа біля вікна і читала книжку.

4. Добре знаючи англійську мову, Марія працювала перекладачем.

5. Ми спостерігаємо зростаючий інтерес читачів до творів цього письменника.

6. Слухаючи лекцію, студенти були дуже уважні.

7. Отримавши телеграму, Бен поїхав на станцію зустрічати гостей.

8. Зараз існує багато ілюстрованих видань.

9. Книжки, взяті у бібліотеці, мають бути повернені через 10 днів.

10. Усі листи вже надруковано.

11. Коли її запитали про те, що трапилось, дівчинка розплакалась.

12. Щиро кажучи, мені ця ідея не до вподоби.

13. Туристи, що прибули з Великобританії, оглянули визначні місця столиці.

14. Викладач, екзаменуючи студентів, ставив додаткові запитання і ретельно оцінював відповіді.

15. Оскільки його запросили на весілля, він вважав своїм приємним обов’язком зробити гарний подарунок.

16. Студенти з нетерпінням чекали вихідних днів, що наближалися.

17. Листа було написано у понеділок.

18. Зробивши переклад статті, він вирішив трохи відпочити.

19. Дівчинка сиділа в кріслі і читала цікаву книжку.

20. Учитель наполягає, щоб статтю було перекладено сьогодні.

21. Цього року на нашій вулиці зведено декілька нових будинків.

Exercise 28

Translate the following sentences with the Objective Participial Construction into Ukrainian.

1. Mary came and found Kate sitting on a straight chair starring at the window.

2. She found herself caught in a vicious tidal current.

3. Dorian heard him first stopping on the pavement and then hurrying after him.

4. Stephen turned his head and discovered a good-looking young man of his own age smiling down at him.

5. Following Chester’s look, Stephen saw a slim man of about thirty entering the restaurant.

6. As I got off, I saw Miss Bradly standing on the platform with two large very old suit-cases.

7. I could hear him singing and whistling when the work was going well, and swearing when he was in desperation.

8. One can’t get anything done in our house.

9. He was determined to make himself respected.

10. He saw the scientists divided into two unequal groups.

11. She had her bag stolen on a train.

12. Mr. Brown had his passport taken away from him by the police.

13. You can get your clothes made in Europe.

14. I consider myself engaged to John.

15. You must make your news known.

Exercise 29

Point out the Complex Object with the First Participle. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. I heard the visitor walking restlessly backwards and forwards. I also heard him talking to himself.

2. She turned and saw Shelton standing down here.

3. He felt his irritation mounting.

4. He found Dora reading a novel in their bedroom.

5. With amusement they watched them going.

6. We heard her walking on the stairs by the cellar.

7. At that moment I noticed Charles sitting a little farther in the hall.

8. For the first time she found herself wondering about him.

9. The moon came fully through a cloud, and he was startled as he suddenly saw her face looking at him.

10. You can always find him handing round bread and butter at a tea party.

11. He felt the bridge shaking under his feet.

12. Then in the complete silence of the night he heard somebody opening the door quietly.

13. He looked at groups of young girls walking arm in arm.

14. He raised his hand to his forehead, where suddenly she saw moisture shining.

15. As I was looking this over I heard the doors which led on to the main corridor being opened.

Exercise 30

Paraphrase the following so as to use an Objective Participial Construction.

Model: Tom got into his car and drove away. I saw this. – I saw Tom getting into his car and driving away.

1. Yesterday he saw Ann. She was waiting for a bus.

2. He fell off the wall. I saw this.

3. The accident happened. Did you see it?

4. He was walking along the street. I saw this when I drove past in my car.

5. It was a tremendous noise. Everybody heard it. The bomb exploded.

6. When we got home a cat was sleeping on the kitchen table. We found it there.

7. I turned round suddenly. Somebody called my name. I heard it.

8. The old man was telling his story from beginning to end. We listened to him.

9. Listen, a baby is crying. Can you hear?

10. You were making such disparaging remarks about your friend. I hope he didn’t hear you.

11. I last saw him when he was going towards the river bank.

12. The firemen were fighting the blaze. A huge crowd watched them.

13. The coffee was boiling in the kitchen. Through the open door I could smell it.

14. He was reading his letters, frowning at one, smiling at another, dismissing the next with no expression. I watched him.

Exercise 31

Point out the Complex Object with the Second Participle. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. He had his luggage sent to the station.

2. How often do you have your carpets clean?

3. Have you got your watch repaired?

4. I want it done as soon as possible.

5. We decided to have our photos taken after the final exam.

6. Get the rooms dusted and aired by the time they arrive.

7. I haven’t had my nails polished yet.

8. I’m having a new dress made.

9. He thought it necessary to have the ceiling of the room whitewashed.

10. They found the door locked.

11. Mrs. Moon watched the table cleared and the broken bread collected.

12. He heard his name called from behind.

Exercise 32

Practice the following according to the model. Use the correct form of ‘have’ (a Complex Object with Participle II (have+ Object+ Participle II).

Model: Do you clean the windows yourself?

No, I have the windows cleaned.

(No, I have them cleaned).

1. Did you paint the house yourself?

2. Do you cut the grass yourself?

3. Does he wash his car himself?

4. Does she polish the floors herself?

5. Are you going to shorten your trousers yourself?

6. Do you type the reports yourself?

7. Are you going to cut down the tree yourself?

8. Did you repair the clock yourself?

9. Does he tune his piano himself?

10. Does she sweep the stairs herself?

11. Is he teaching his children to ride himself?

12. Did he plant the trees himself?

13. Did he build the new garage himself?

Exercise 33

Fill in the spaces by inserting the correct form of ’have’, Participle II of the verb in brackets and, where necessary, a pronoun.

1. We must ________ the grass ________ . It is far too long. (cut)

2. Your roof is leaking, you should ______ it _______ . (repair)

3. My skirt is too long, I must _______ ______ ______ . (shorten)

4. No one will be able to read your notes. I know, I _____ them ____ . (type)

5. That’s a good piano but you should _______ it _______ . (tune)

6. I’ve got paint on my coat; now I’ll have to _____ _____ _____ .(tune)

7. He didn’t like the colour of the curtains so he ____ _____ ____ . (dye)

8. This tooth is giving you a lot of trouble, you should ____ ____ ____ .(take out)

9. The room is very shabby; but I ____ ____ ____ next month. (redecorate)

10. They couldn’t find a house to suit them so they ____ one ____ . (build)