- •Передмова
- •The noun
- •Guide to Forming Plurals
- •Irregular plurals
- •Inanimate nouns in personification
- •Exercises
- •London Favourite Stores
- •The article
- •Special difficulties in the use of articles
- •Exercises
- •Esop and his Fables
- •The farmer and his Sons
- •In Search of …Good Job
- •Exercise 23
- •The adjective
- •The Category of Degrees of Comparison
- •Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
- •Comparative Constructions with the Adjectives
- •Some difficulties in the use of the Adjective: Degrees of Comparison
- •Adjectives referring to Countries, Nationalities and Languages
- •Nationalities
- •Compound Adjectives
- •Word Order of Adjectives before a Noun
- •Noun modifiers
- •Adverbs Or Adjectives: confusing cases.
- •Adjectives ending in –ed: pronunciation
- •Exercises
- •Never Again!
- •Exercise 25
- •A Bigger Heart
- •Modal verbs
- •Can / could
- •Exercises
- •May / might
- •Exercises
- •Must, have to, be to
- •Exercises
- •____________ Have to
- •Dare and need
- •Exercises
- •Shall / should, ought to
- •Exercises
- •How would you cope around the world?
- •Will / would
- •Exercises
- •General review of all modals
- •Instructions:
- •(The Verbals)
- •The Infinitive
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier of Purpose
- •The Adverbial Modifier of Result.
- •The Secondary Predicative
- •Infinitive without Particle to (Bare Infinitive)
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •Infinitive constructions
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •Beach Safety
- •Exercise 35
- •It is important / useful / necessary /
- •The gerund
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Exercises
- •The participle
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •Exercises
- •Survival for hikers
- •Exercise 34
- •General review of all verbals
- •Forms Expressing Unreality in Different Types of Subordinate Clauses
- •The Use of the Subjunctive Mood in Conditional Sentences
- •The First Conditional
- •The Second Conditional
- •The Third Conditional
- •Exercises
- •Exercise 10
- •In the President’s Chair
- •Would you stay silent if …
- •Would you feel afraid of if …
- •Would you cry if …
- •List of Sources
- •Internet Sources
- •Contents
____________ Have to
Have got to
Must
Is / are supposed to
__________ Can’t
Isn’t/ aren’t allowed to
Mustn’t / isn’t / aren’t supposed to
__________ Don’t have to
Haven’t got to
__________ Can
Is / are allowed to
Think about the place where you study. Are there many rules or regulations? What are they?
Tell your group mates.
Exercise 19
Learn the following proverbs. Comment upon them and illustrate their meanings by little stories of your own invention.
Every oak must be an acorn.
Two of a trade can never agree.
As you make your bed, so you must lie in it.
Everything must have a beginning.
He who would climb the ladder must begin at the bottom.
If you cannot bite, never show your teeth.
Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me.
You cannot burn the candle at both ends.
The leopard cannot change his spots.
The remedy may be worth than the disease.
What can’t be cured must be endured.
May God defend me from my friends; I can defend myself from the enemies.
He that cannot obey cannot command.
What may be done at any time is done at no time.
Some people cannot see the wood for the trees.
You may lead the horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink.
Exercise 20
Read the text and do some deduction exercises.
Jeff wanted to take Ann to the disco on Saturday. She waited for him at home for an hour, but he didn’t turn up and he didn’t phone. Ann was angry, so she phoned Jake and asked him to take her to the disco. She knew that Jeff and Jake didn’t like each other. Later that evening, Jeff saw Ann at the disco with Jake. Jeff felt angry, so he left immediately.
Jane: Something must have delayed Jeff. He could have phoned Ann to explain. He might have had an accident on the way to her house.
Nick: He must have forgotten about the disco.
Jane: No. He can’t have forgotten about Ann.
Complete the sentences with must have done or can’t have done.
Later, Jeff said that he had phoned Ann before the disco.
Ann can’t have heard the phone.
Why didn’t she hear the phone? The television _____(be) too loud.
Because Ann didn’t answer the phone, Jeff _____(think) that she had already gone out.
After the disco, Ann didn’t look very happy. She _____(enjoy) the evening.
Jake looked miserable too. He _____(be) disappointed.
Jake didn’t mention Jeff. Jake _____(know) that Ann had planned to go to the disco with him.
Jane didn’t know the story about Ann and Jeff. Ann _____(tell) her.
A week after the evening at the disco, Ann got a letter from Jeff. In the letter Jeff _____(explain) what had happened and how he had felt. Ann understood.
Next Saturday, Ann and Jeff are going to the cinema together. They _____(solve) their problems.
Retell the story as Ann drawing her own deduction using must, may/might, can/could.
Exercise 21
Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English. Use the modal verbs: can/could, may/might, must/had to, have to.
Не може бути, щоб вони програли матч.
Мабуть, ви помиляєтесь.
Мабуть, він зараз знаходиться на стадіоні.
Він не вміє грати в теніс, але він добре грає у футбол.
Здається, вони візьмуть участь у цій грі.
Треба поспішати на стадіон. Інакше ми спізнимося на матч.
Будь-хто може помилятися.
Сподіваюсь, їхня мрія здійсниться.
Він міг би прийти вчасно.
Я можу вас запитати про ваші плани?
Вони мають більше часу приділяти тренуванню.
Команда мала прибути до міста в понеділок.
Він зараз може бути на спортивному майданчику.
Їм треба повернутися через дві години.
Ви повинні прислухатися до порад свого вчителя.
Цей хлопець, мабуть, їхній кращий гравець.
Цілком можливо, що вони завтра переможуть.
Він може залишити команду, якщо захоче.
Скажіть мені, будь-ласка, коли починається гра.
Ви обов’язково маєте взяти участь у спортивних змаганнях студентів університету.
Exercise 22
Translate into English.
Ти не повинен хвилюватися за мене.
Ти повинен зрозуміти, що не можна здаватися.
Тобі доведеться провітрити кімнату перед сном.
Ви обов’язково повинні зайти до нас на чашку чаю.
Ця угода повинна бути підписана у найближчому майбутньому.
Ми дуже нудьгуємо без тебе. Ти повинен приходити до нас частіше.
Мені часто доводиться стикатися з такими людьми.
Я загубила бібліотечну книгу і тепер мені доведеться сплатити штраф.
Хоча тобі й не подобається те, що я кажу, доведеться вислухати мене.
Не треба ні в чому її звинувачувати, вона діяла з найкращих спонукань.
Коли ви збираєтеся в похід?
Зустріч повинна розпочатися рівно о третій.
Я запитала лікаря, чи маю я щось приймати від безсоння?
Тобі доведеться носити уніформу.
Чому ти маєш ходити на роботу кожної суботи?