- •Передмова
- •The noun
- •Guide to Forming Plurals
- •Irregular plurals
- •Inanimate nouns in personification
- •Exercises
- •London Favourite Stores
- •The article
- •Special difficulties in the use of articles
- •Exercises
- •Esop and his Fables
- •The farmer and his Sons
- •In Search of …Good Job
- •Exercise 23
- •The adjective
- •The Category of Degrees of Comparison
- •Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
- •Comparative Constructions with the Adjectives
- •Some difficulties in the use of the Adjective: Degrees of Comparison
- •Adjectives referring to Countries, Nationalities and Languages
- •Nationalities
- •Compound Adjectives
- •Word Order of Adjectives before a Noun
- •Noun modifiers
- •Adverbs Or Adjectives: confusing cases.
- •Adjectives ending in –ed: pronunciation
- •Exercises
- •Never Again!
- •Exercise 25
- •A Bigger Heart
- •Modal verbs
- •Can / could
- •Exercises
- •May / might
- •Exercises
- •Must, have to, be to
- •Exercises
- •____________ Have to
- •Dare and need
- •Exercises
- •Shall / should, ought to
- •Exercises
- •How would you cope around the world?
- •Will / would
- •Exercises
- •General review of all modals
- •Instructions:
- •(The Verbals)
- •The Infinitive
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier of Purpose
- •The Adverbial Modifier of Result.
- •The Secondary Predicative
- •Infinitive without Particle to (Bare Infinitive)
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •Infinitive constructions
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •Beach Safety
- •Exercise 35
- •It is important / useful / necessary /
- •The gerund
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Exercises
- •The participle
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •Exercises
- •Survival for hikers
- •Exercise 34
- •General review of all verbals
- •Forms Expressing Unreality in Different Types of Subordinate Clauses
- •The Use of the Subjunctive Mood in Conditional Sentences
- •The First Conditional
- •The Second Conditional
- •The Third Conditional
- •Exercises
- •Exercise 10
- •In the President’s Chair
- •Would you stay silent if …
- •Would you feel afraid of if …
- •Would you cry if …
- •List of Sources
- •Internet Sources
- •Contents
Must, have to, be to
The verb “must” has only one form.
“To have to” and the expression “to be obliged to”, which have the same meaning, can be used to supply the missing tense forms of the verb “must”.
“To be to”+Infinitive is a modal expression; some of its meanings are close to those of modal verbs and expressions denoting obligation. This modal expression can be used in two tenses – the Present Simple and the Past Simple (was/were). All these modals can be used in:
Meaning |
Forms of the modal verb |
Some other ways of expressing the same meaning |
Sentence patterns |
Obligation, real necessity with no freedom of choice or from the speaker’s point of view (in statements and questions) |
Must – in present time contexts; had to do – in the past; smb’ll have to do – in the future |
It’s necessary for smb to do smth; |
What must he do to keep fit? I must go there tonight. If you have a new heart attack you must be taken to hospital. I had to go there yesterday. I’ll have to go there tomorrow. |
Obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances or based on a law or rule, or on the authority of another person (in questions and statements) |
Have to do; had to do; smb’ll have to do |
To be obliged |
If you don’t take care of yourself, you’ll have to consult a doctor. It’s raining, I have to take an umbrella. |
Obligation arising out of a plan or an arrangement (in statements and question) |
Am to do; is to do; are to do; was (were) to do |
To plan; to make a plan; to arrange; to decide |
When are you to go there? I was to meet her at the station. |
Order - admonition |
Must do; mustn’t do |
_ |
You mustn’t miss the film, it’s worth while seeing it. You must come and see my new flat. |
Strict order (in statements) |
Am to do; is to do; are to do; was (were) to do |
_ |
You are to take a spoonful of this after each meal. |
Prohibition (in negatives) |
Mustn’t do |
To be forbidden |
You mustn’t stay away from classes without a good reason. |
Strict prohibition |
Am not to; is not to; are not to; was (were) not to |
_ |
You are not to leave this room. |
Smth thought of as unavoidable (in statements and negatives) |
Am to do; is to do; are to do; was (were) to do |
_ |
I still hoped to get a letter from her, but it wasn’t to be. |
Absence of necessity or obligation |
Don’t (doesn’t) have to…; didn’t have to …; haven’t (hasn’t) got to…; won’t have to … |
_ |
You don’t have to go to England if you want to learn English. |
Supposition implying assurance and strong probability, the most logical interpretation of a situation (though we do not have all the facts) |
Must do; must be doing; must have done; must have been doing |
Probably; evidently; surely; no doubt; undoubtedly; it’s clear that…; in all probability |
She must be waiting for us there. He must have done it. |
Note:
There is a slight difference between the modal verb must and its equivalent be to expressing obligation: be to denotes an expected action, an action which is necessary to do because somebody expects it to be done;
The modal verb must expressing prohibition and order is retained in indirect speech: He said I must come and see his new car.
Be to is used to make prohibitions and orders stricter.
When we express supposition about the action in the present we mostly use the Continuous infinitive after must (with the exception of such verbs as to be, to love, to hate, to know, etc.) not to confuse the meanings of obligation, necessity and supposition.