Beach Safety

Hawaii’s beaches are breathtakingly beautiful, but they can be very dangerous for newcomers. The beaches are always open, even when there is no lifeguard protection. If you do not see a lifeguard on duty, swim on another beach. Remember:

• Ever turn your back on the ocean.

• Enter the water slowly and carefully.

• Don’t be caught off your guard.

• Never swim alone.

• Always have someone you can call to.

• Dive beneath breaking waves before they reach you.

• Do not stand in the path of a large wave.

• Do not swim over a large wave or turn your back against it.

• Avoid beaches with rocky coasts.

• Stay clear of areas with surfers.

• Look out for runaway surfboards that wash in with the waves.

Model: It advises you to swim on another beach if you don’t see a lifeguard on duty.

Exercise 35

Paraphrase the sentences using the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction. Make all the necessary changes.

Model 1: People know that he is an honest man. – People know him to be an honest man.

1. I know that she has an interest in the company.

2. I believe that she isn’t guilty.

3. I found that the job was very challenging.

4. I imagine that he works very hard.

5. We didn’t expect that he would arrive by plane.

6. The patient wanted that the doctor examined him.

7. He wished that the specialist cured him of his illness.

8. Do you mean that he should bring his girlfriend to the party?

9. I didn’t mean that you should go there immediately.

10. Do you like when your guests leave your place late?

Model 2: She heard that he whispered something. - She heard him whisper something.

1. I felt that it was true this time.

2. I saw that the man pulled the door open.

3. I felt that his hand was trembling.

4. I noticed that the woman passed him by and gave him a quick and strange look.

5. We heard that the actor was singing.

6. They forced us to sit and wait (make).

7. I hope you will tell her to sell the car (have).

8. Her parents wouldn’t give her permission to go out with boys (let).

9. His parents didn’t allow him to leave the home-town (let).

10. She heard some strange sound and stepped aside (make).

11. The teacher told him to complete the task (have).

Exercise 36

Underline the word or phrase that is correct. Explain your choice.

1. She plans to move / that she should move to Hollywood to become a movie star.

2. All students of our university have been advised to arrive / arriving well in advance.

3. Can you help me to open / open this door?

4. We agreed to meet / meeting on Sunday.

5. The company management request that all mobile phones and pagers to be turned / be turned off at the premises.

6. She expected to complete / that she should complete her work in autumn.

7. They never knew her to play / play / that she should play the guitar.

8. Any talks about politics promise to be / being non-productive and boring.

9. You shouldn’t forget to send / sending a greeting card to her.

10. They could not afford to wait / wait any longer.

11. These clothes make him to look / look much older.

12. It took him a year to translate / translating the book.

13. “Let us to see / see our test papers”, the students asked.

14. They were surprised to see / seeing the test results so soon.

15. She is too young to think / that she should think of getting married.

Exercise 37

Make up sentences with the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.

1. speak, I, have heard, of his boyhood, never, him.

2. swing, at once, open, the door, I, saw.

3. about something, I, quite different, me, you, want, to tell.

4. you, don’t, worry, that, let.

5. what, that, her, say, made?

6. without, her, let, my sister, go, a word.

7. young, her long hair, made, look, her.

Exercise 38

Express the same in another way using the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction instead of the subordinate clause.

1. I expect that you will join our excursion.

2. I heard that the door of the entrance hall opened.

3. She felt that her hands trembled.

4. He entered the inn and ordered that the supper should be brought to him.

5. I hate it when people speak so cynically.

6. I don’t like it when you repeat that nonsense.

7. We saw that he crossed the street looking to the left and to the right.

Exercise 39

Translate from Ukrainian into English.

1. Ми збираємося поїхати за місто влітку.

2. Здається, робота вже виконана.

3. Щоб бути здоровими, ви повинні виконувати фізичні вправи.

4. Ви знали, коли відбулась зустріч?

5. Ви чули, коли вони залишили будинок?

6. Він був надто хворий, щоб працювати.

7. Я бачив, як вони увійшли до крамниці.

8. Тут немає місця, щоб сісти.

9. Ми прийшли побажати вам щасливого Нового року.

10. Нехай він вам допоможе.

11. Я хочу, щоб ви прослухали цей текст.

12. Дуже легко давати поради.

13. Я можу вам допомогти?

14. Моя мрія – стати письменником.

15. Вони почали працювати разом.

16. Він допоміг другу перекласти статтю.

17. Чому б нам сьогодні не піти до друзів?

18. Вам краще залишитися вдома.

19. Дайте мені знати, коли він приїде.

20. Що змушує вас думати, що це правда?

Exercise 40

Identify the Subjective Infinitive Construction. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. She is extremely likely to succeed.

2. We are not allowed to go out.

3. He had been asked to remain to lunch.

4. Tell him that next time you happen to be alone together.

5. The girl was not likely to have taken an overdose of sleeping pills by mistake.

6. It was bound to happen.

7. They seem to be planning a new attempt.

8. The children are sure to be fighting again.

9. The facts are sure to become known next year.

10. She proved to know the subject.

11. It was silent in the room. Only the clock was heard to tick.

12. A young woman is supposed to have written the book.

13. She smiled broadly and waved her hand. She seemed to have recognized me.

14. Just look at his hands. He is sure to have been working in the garage.

Exercise 41

Change the sentences so as to use the Subjective Infinitive Construction.

Model: It is said that he knows several oriental languages. – He is said to know several oriental languages.

1. It seems that she has forgotten her promise.

2. It is reported that the expedition left in June.

3. It was considered that he is one of the best pilots in the country.

4. It appears that they understood this rule very well.

5. The teacher expects that you will read an article on this subject.

6. You signed the document without reading it, which was very stupid.

7. He rushed into the burning house, which was very brave of him.

8. Is it likely that he will arrive before six?

9. It isn’t likely that the captain will allow them to put these cases on deck.

10. They will certainly conclude this agreement in the nearest future.

11. It seems that nothing has changed.

12. You may miss the beginning of the performance if you don’t hurry.

13. It appeared that the charges at the hotel were reasonable.

14. He was the only person who believed in the results of the experiments.

15. He will be pleased when he learns the news.

Exercise 42

Point out the Objective-with-the-Infinitive construction and the Subjective Infinitive construction. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. The pills my doctor has given me make me feel rather odd.

2. I want you to say to yourself that he died a gallant death in the service of his country, and we must be proud of him.

3. I had seen my father leave the house that very morning.

4. Just as he was falling into unconsciousness he heard his door open and quickly shut.

5. My father was sure that fresh air and exercise would make us sleep well.

6. I thought it to be the signal to start.

7. We didn’t expect him to come back so soon and were wondering what had happened.

8. She felt somebody touch her gently by the hand.

9. I’d like it to be done as quietly as possible, without attracting anybody’s attention.

10. She didn’t seem to notice his unfriendly tone.

11. The number to which I had been directed turned out to be a house standing a little by itself, with its back to the river.

12. The boy was made to repeat his story twice.

13. He was heard to say that it would rain and ordered the door to the balcony to be shut.

14. I looked at the house with suspicious curiosity, and it seemed to be looking back at me.

15. He is said to be a sailor in his youth.

Exercise 43

Express the same in another way using the Subjective Infinitive Construction instead of the subordinate clause.

Model: It was known that he was a capable student. – He was known to be a capable student.

I heard him play the piano. – He was heard to play the piano.

1. It was known that she was an excellent doctor.

2. They saw him enter the house in the morning.

3. It was believed that he had returned to London.

4. It was expected that the conference would take place in May.

5. We heard him laugh heartily.

6. It is supposed that he has been working for two hours.

7. They often heard the girl sing that tune.

Exercise 44

Identify the for-to-Infinitive Construction in the following sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1. It was easy for my brother to learn Spanish.

2. We are still waiting for him to come.

3. Have you bought something for me to read during the trip?

4. The day was much too cold and rainy for anyone to have a good time.

5. It’s not the right time for us to speak about it.

6. Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell you the truth.

7. It will be best for you to see the doctor about the tooth.

8. I’d like to put forward a few suggestions for you to think about.

9. Harriet was anxious for the party to be a success.

10. It might be possible for you to sign the paper today.

11. He didn’t mean for them to study in the library.

12. It was hard for the boy to read the book in the original.

Exercise 45

Comment on the infinitive phrases and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. 1. He held the door open for her to get in.

2. How nice of you to know my voice! Am I disturbing you?

3. It was kind of you to come, but you must go now.

4. “Three weeks and two days, my lady,” Leadbitter replied. “How nice of you to have counted the days!” said Lady Franklin.

5. It’s too late for the children to go out.

2. 1. I have something so important to tell you that I hardly know how to say it.

2. I’m not quite sure whether to join them or not.

3. When to start is to be decided yet.

4. He hesitated what to say next.

5. I didn’t know which book to choose.

6. Tell me who to invite.

7. The question is where to hide it.

3. 1. And to tell you the truth I’m glad to have a companion myself.

2. To be frank, no other house in the town was as popular as theirs.

3. He will be a little late, to be sure, and Ann will be grumbling.

4. To cut a long story short, everything ended to her delight.

Exercise 46

Practice the for-to-Infinitive Construction after the adjectives.

When Sue and Peter Dale visited the old house to see how far the workmen had progressed with the repairs, it was disappointing for them to see that several jobs had not been done to their satisfaction.

Study the examples, then rewrite the sentences.

Model: Peter was impatient. He wanted the pile of bricks in the kitchen to be removed. – Peter was impatient for the pile of bricks in the kitchen to be removed.

1. Sue was eager that the black tiles in the bathrooms should be replaced.

2. Peter thought it necessary that the missing panes should be put into the kitchen windows immediately.

3. They were anxious that the painter should remove the red splashes from the kitchen floor immediately.

4. Sue wasn’t happy that Peter should pay the bill for the faulty central heating.

5. Sue thought it would be wrong if Peter paid the builders. The garage wasn’t wide enough for the car.

6. Sue thought it would be too dangerous if Peter tried to repair the wiring system himself.

7. They were impatient. They wanted the gardener to start his work.

8. They were eager that the workmen should be out of the house before Christmas.

Exercise 47

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using too / enough + for-to-Infinitive Construction.

Model: It is very cold. We can’t go out. – It’s too cold for us to go out.

1. You are very young. You can’t have a front-door key.

2. It’s very cold. We can’t bathe.

3. I am rather old. I can’t wear that kind of hat.

4. The ladder wasn’t very long. It didn’t reach the window.

5. He hadn’t much money. He couldn’t live on it.

6. He was furious. He couldn’t speak.

7. The fire wasn’t very hot. It won’t boil a kettle.

8. Tom was very foolish. He told lies to the police.

9. You are quite thin. You could slip between bars.

10. He is very ill. He can’t eat anything.

11. Our new car is very wide. It won’t get through those gates.

12. The floor wasn’t strong. We couldn’t dance on it.

13. I was terrified. I couldn’t move.

14. The coffee isn’t strong. It won’t keep us awake.

15. The river is deep. We can’t wade it.

16. He is lazy. He won’t get up early.

17. The ice is quite thick. We can walk on it.

18. He was very drunk. He couldn’t answer my questions.

19. It is very cold. We can’t have breakfast in the garden.

20. He was very snobbish. He wouldn’t talk to any of us.

21. The package is very thick. I can’t push it through the letter-box.

22. She was very mean. She never gave to charity.

23. He is very impatient. He never listens to anyone.

24. I was very tired. I couldn’t walk any further.

25. It was very hot. You could fry an egg on the pavement.

Exercise 48

Replace the group of words in italics by the infinitive or the infinitive construction.

Model: It is important that he should understand this. – It is important for him to understand this.

1. The captain was the last man who left the ship.

2. He got to the top and was very disappointed when he found that someone else had reached it first.

3. Would you be very kind and lend me your umbrella?

4. There are a lot of things that need mending.

5. I was astonished when I heard that he had left the country.

6. It is better that he should hear it from you.

7. I was rude to him, which was stupid. (It was stupid …)

8. If he had another child with whom he could play he would be happier.

9. It is necessary that everyone should know the truth.

10. There was no place where he could sit.

11. He put his hand into the pocket and was astonished when he found that his wallet wasn’t there.

12. He rushed into the burning house, which was very brave of him. (It was very brave …)

13. I can’t go to the party, I have nothing that I can wear.

14. It is expected that he will broadcast a statement tonight. (He is expected …)

15. He reached the station exhausted and was very disappointed when he learnt that the train had just left.

16. It seems that the crime was committed by a left-handed man.

17. Is it likely that he will arrive before six?

18. I was on the point of leaving the house when the phone rang.

19. This is the plan: someone will meet you at the station… (You … (be met) at the station)

20. She is anxious that they should have every possible advantage.

Exercise 49

Paraphrase the following, using the “for-phrases” with infinitives.

1. She held out the telegram so that I might see it.

2. It’s quite natural that you should think so.

3. The first thing he must do is to ring them up.

4. Let us wait till they settle this matter.

5. This is a problem you should solve by yourself.

6. I shall bring you the article that you may read.

7. I gave the umbrella to the children lest they should get wet through.

8. I’ve put on weight. I can’t wear this dress any longer.

9. He spoke loudly so that everyone might hear them.

10. There is nothing that I may add.

11. It is very unusual that he should have said such a thing.

12. It’s high time you know Grammar well.

Exercise 50

Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use the ‘for-to-Infinitive’ construction.

1. Sandy stood at the kitchen door waiting till Miss Brodie came for a walk by the sea.

2. It is time that you should go, Tom.

3. There was nobody who she could speak to.

4. A peasant was walking wearily towards us, and we waited till he came up to us in order to ask the way again.

5. Janet sat and waited till they went away.

6. She then sat down in his chair and waited till the kettle boiled.

7. Was it possible that she could forget him?

8. Then she made her way to the kitchen where the tray had been set by Mr. Anthony and waited till Mrs. Petti made the tea.

9. He waited till she spoke.

Exercise 51

Complete the sentences using the ‘for-to-Infinitive’ construction.

1. They waited at the door for (she) _________.

2. It is necessary for (he) __________.

3. There was no reason for (she) __________.

4. It was obligatory for (they) ________.

5. There were no friends for (he) _________.

6. There is nothing for (you) _________.

7. She played the violin for (they) __________.

8. It seemed strange for (they) __________.

9. It is desirable for (Pete) _________.

10. It is advisable for (they) __________.

Exercise 52

Change the sentences so that to use different constructions with the infinitive.

1. It is expected that the weather will improve.

2. It seemed that she was a very experienced teacher.

3. It appears that she likes her work very much.

4. It was very kind that you visited John in hospital.

5. Emma can’t reach the top shelf. It is very high.

6. The guests can take part in lots of activities. (there are …)

7. I knew that he was a very careful driver.

8. Don’t you find that the painting is a masterpiece?

9. I can’t go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear.

10. He may not be invited to official opening of the Good Will Games. (He is unlikely …)

11. She held me out the telegram so that I might see it.

12. It’s quite natural that you should think so.

13. Have you noticed how she flushed when you looked at her?

14. She called Peter names. I heard it.

15. He was the first person who came to the bar and the last who left it.

Exercise 53

Read the story of a girl, Vicky by name, who is learning Japanese. Identify constructions with the infinitive.

It is no uncommon thing today to go to evening classes to learn a foreign language. All members of my family did it. It was easy for my brother to learn Spanish and it was no trouble at all for my father to learn French at evening classes. But my mother found it quite difficult to learn German. As for me, it wasn’t an easy thing to learn Italian at evening classes two years ago. Grammar rules were so complicated for me to remember!

Now I’m learning Japanese and it appears to be very hard for me again. It seems quite easy for our teacher to pronounce Japanese well. But it would be foolish for us (students) to expect to acquire perfect pronunciation. It takes a lot of time.

Gradually I get to understand that it is impossible for evening class students to learn to speak Japanese fluently. It will be more reasonable for me to simplify aim at making myself understood. But it would have been wrong for me to give up the course half way through as it is unusual for me to get discouraged. But anyway I must admit it’ll be a relief for me to finish the course next summer! In fact, it would be best for me to go on holiday to Japan afterwards!

A: Answer the questions:

1. How do most people learn a foreign language today?

2. How difficult was it for Vicky’s family to learn foreign languages?

3. What problems did Vicky have when she was taking a course in Italian?

4. Vicky finds Japanese quite easy to pronounce, doesn’t she?

5. Does she expect to speak Japanese fluently after the end of the course?

B: Say what is quite easy / difficult / interesting / boring / useful / (un)necessary / helpful for you about your English studies.

C: Work in groups. Give some advice for students to improve their English. You may use the following: