- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
7.4.1. He made a suggestion that we should go there (A.E.; that we go there).
7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
7.5.1. If I were you, I would read this book in the original (this pattern refers to the present, future, or to no particular time).
7.5.2. If I had been in London last January, I would have visited my friend (this pattern refers to the "rejected past").
7.5.3. If you hadn't gone out into the street yesterday, you wouldn't be ill now ( this pattern has a mixed time reference: unreal condition refers to the past and unreal result to the present),
7.5.4. If you were more careful, you would not have got into trouble (this pattern has a mixed time reference: unreal condition refers to the present or to no particular time while unreal result refers to the past).
7.5.5. If I were to speak to her, I should/would tell her the truth (this emphatic pattern refers to the future).
7.5.6. If he should come, he will ring you up. Should he come, tell him to ring me up. (Both patterns express problematic condition and refer to the future).
7.6. Adverbial clauses of concession
7.6.1. They would not come even if we warned them (this pattern refers to the present or future).
7.6.2. They would not have come even if we had warned them (this pattern refers to the past).
7.6.3. He will not succeed however hard he should try.
(The indicative mood is used in this pattern in less formal style: He will not succeed however hard he will/may try).
7.7. Adverbial clauses of purpose
7.7.1. (In negative clauses only) He came early so that we should not worry. (In affirmative clauses the indicative mood is used: He will come early so that we will/may/can discuss the matter with him).
7.8. Adverbial clauses of comparison and manner
7.8.1. She speaks English so well as if she were a native' (the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the action of the principal clause)
She is so pale as if she had been ill for some time (the action of the subordinate clause is prior to the action of the principal clause)26.
Subjunctive Mood Synopsis
1. To express wish or hope, very often involving supernatural powers.
God bless you!
Come what may!
God save the Queen!
If need be, …
2. The structure that … should.
the verbs followed by the said construction: advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, urge, be anxious, be determined
She advised that we (should) keep the gate locked. (she was unlikely to be there – less direct contact)
She advised that the gate should be kept locked.
Instead of
She advised keeping the gate locked. (she was likely to be there)
She advised us to keep it locked.
She arrange d for me to go abroad.
Should is sometimes omitted before be
3. The structure it is/was + adjective + that … should
After it is/was advisable, better, desirable, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary, reasonable.
After it is only fair/just/right
It is essential that he should go.
Instead of it is/was + adjective +for smb to do
It is essential for him to go.
4. The structure it is/was + adjective + that … should
After it is/was absurd, amazing, annoying, ludicrous, odd, ridiculous, strange, surprising
Instead if that + present or past tense
It is ridiculous that we should be short of water.
It is amazing that she should have said nothing.
5. After lest and sometimes after in case in the structure lest … should.
He was terrified lest he should slip on the icy rocks.
She began to be worried lest he should have met with some accident. (earlier)
6. in purpose clauses
He wore a mask so that no one should recognize him.
7. In conditional sentences instead of the present tense
If the pain should return take another of these pills.
8. as if/as though + past subjunctive
He bosses me around as if I were his wife.
He talks about Rome as though he had been there himself.
9. It is time + past subjunctive (unreal past)
It is time to start.
It is time for us to go. (We are a little late.)
It is time we went./It is time we were leaving/I was leaving (not were).
10. Conditionals.
If I had a map I would lend it to you.
If I were to succeed/If I succeeded
11. would rather/sooner
Tom would rather read than speak. (Tom prefers reading to talking)
We went by sea, but I’d rather have gone by air. I’d prefer to have gone by air.
I’d rather you paid. (different subjects)
Ann wants to tell Tom, but I’d rather she didn’t (tell him).
12. had better
You had better ring him at once. (This would be a good thing to do)
You had better not miss the last bus. (It would be unwise)
In indirect speech remains unchanged.
13. I wish
I wish I knew his address.
He wished he knew the address. (not changed in indirect speech)
I wish(ed) I hadn’t spent so much money. (will be reported unchanged)
If only we knew where she is! (more dramatic)
If only she had asked someone’s advice!