Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction

It is the construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case; e.g. I saw him working in the library.

The participle working is in predicate relation to the pronoun him, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle. In the Objective Participial Construction Participle I Indefinite active or Participle II is used. I the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object.

The Objective Participial Construction may be found:

1. after the verbs denoting sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to fell, to find, etc.

e.g. I found my friends waiting for me.

We heard him coming home.

I saw the car starting.

I watched my mother cooking dinner.

We felt the weather changing, wind getting stronger.

I heard my name called.

2. after some verbs of mental activity, such as to consider, to understand, etc.

e.g. I consider myself engaged to Peter.

We consider the problem solved.

3. after the verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to desire, etc.

e.g. He wanted his article typed.

I want it done tomorrow.

In this case only Participle II is used.

4. after the verbs to have and to get (only Participle II is used).

e.g. He had several books brought.

My sister had her coat altered.

You can get your clothes made in Europe.

I want to have my hair cut.

The Subjective Participial Construction

It is a construction in which the participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence; e.g. They were heard talking together. The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate. This construction is chiefly used after verb of sense perception.

Smb smth	is was will be can be	seen heard found left kept	doing smth
smth	is was will be can be	found left considered believed seen	done
Smb smth	is was will be can be may be	considered called elected chosen named made	clever a beauty over

E.g. The girls were heard playing in the garden.

The father and the son were seen cycling.

She was seen crossing the street.

She was kept waiting for a long time.

The boat was considered lost.

The lesson can be considered over.

She may be made your boss.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction

It is a construction in which the participle stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case; the noun or a pronoun is not the subject of the sentence; e.g. The door and the window of the vacant room being open, we looked in.

In this construction Participle I (in all its forms) or Participle II is used. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier; e.g. His duty completed, he had three month’ leave.

This construction may be introduced by the preposition with and it then called the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction; e.g. We went for a walk, with the rain having stopped.

Smb smth		doing smth being done having done smth having been done done		smb did smth
Smb does smth	(with)		smb smth		doing smth being done adjective noun adverb prepositional phrase

E.g. The letter written, he went out to post it.

The lesson over, he went home.

She looked even prettier, with most of the make up gone from her young face.

We were waiting for him, with the bags in our hands.

1 There is no direct terminological equivalent in Ukrainian grammatical terminology to the term clause. It is usually called частина складного речення.

2 Predication is called finite if the verb element is a finite verb, which grammatically agrees with the subject. E.g.:

She is working late. They are working late. Predication is called non-finite if the verb element is a non-finite form of the verb (gerund, participle, infinitive) as in predicative constructions. E.g.: I often see her working late. I often see them working late.

3 In fact, traditional classification of sentences "according to the purpose of utterance" turns to be structural because statements, questions, commands and exclamations differ in their structure. On the other hand the purpose of their uttering by the speaker may not coincide with their grammatical structure". Thus, we may utter It's dark here with a purpose of making someone to switch on the light (a statement used in a certain situation as a command). Communicative approach to sentence classification is the domain of pragmatics - a modem branch of linguistics that studies language units in their relation to the speaker and listener (the addressee of speech) as well as to the conditions in which they speak. More details on this subject see in: Иванова, Бурлакова, Почепцов 1981: 267-281.

4 Examples of different types of subjects see in Exercise 4

5 indicative mood, imperative mood, subjunctive mood

6 The verb to be + participle II may also indicate the state of the subject and thus form a compound nominal predicate.

Compare: The window was broken by John (a simple verbal predicate indicating John's action);

The window in the room was broken (a compound nominal predicate indicating the state of the window).

The verb to be + participle II makes a simple verbal predicate in the following cases: (a) when the doer of the action is

indicated, (b) when there is an adverbial modifier of place, frequency or time in the sentence), (c) when the verb is used in the continuous or in the perfect form.

7 The weather kept dry (CNP) means that the weather was dry for some days (the state of the weather), whereas He kept on talking (CVAP) means that he continued to talk (duration of the action).

8 He stopped talking with me (CVAP) means that he became silent. He stopped to talk with me (SVP) means that he stopped (e.g. in the corridor) with a purpose of talking with me. The infinitive to talk in this sentence is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose.

9 Examples of different types of objects are given in Exercise 6.

10 We stick here to the traditional classification of objects into direct, indirect, prepositional and cognate, which is suggested in many grammar books

11 грам. переходный, транзитивный; transitive verb — переходный глагол

12 происшедший от одного корня (о словах) cognate object — грам. дополнение-существительное, образованное от одного корня с глаголом

13 Examples of different types of adverbial modifiers see in Exercise 7

14 ["xdZIk'taIv(q)l] a грам. употреблённый в качестве прилагательного; адъективный

15 що відноситься до прикладки, що використовується у функції прикладки

16 Examples of different types of attributes see in Exercise 8

17 грам. викуки

18 грам. вводное слово или предложение

19 грам. приложение (тж. a noun in apposition ) Apposition is a special kind of attribute which gives another name to a noun which it modifies. Apposition may be close (e.g.; Mr Brown, Dr, Leech, Uncle Tom, the river Thames, etc.) and loose (detached) (e. g. Mr. Brown, my friend, lives next door).

20 [kqn'dZOInt] a объединённый, соединённый; общий, совместный conjoint action — объединённые действия

21 грам. противительный (о союзе)

22 грам. дійсний спосіб, изъявительный the indicative mood — изъявительное наклонение

23 относящийся к приложению; используемый в функции приложения

24 In Modem English would is used for both singular and plural subjects of all persons (i.e. for I. you, she, it. we. they) both with reference to unreal actions in the present, future or in the past. However should and perfect infinitive may occur in the clauses of "the rejected past" having modal meaning of regret for what did not happen, e.g. "If I had bought a yacht I should be cruising in the Mediterranean now.

25 Should + infinitive (or the subjunctive I which was mostly the feature of A.E. but nowadays is widely accepted by B.E.) may be used in subordinate clauses if there is an expression of order, proposal, request, recommendation, suggestion, desire, necessity, importance, obligation, arrangement, demand, advise, etc. in the principal clause.

The type of the subordinate clause depends upon the syntactic structure of the principal clause. Thus, ... that we should start early may be a) the subject clause; b) the predicative clause; c) the object clause; d) the attributive appositive clause like in the following examples:

a) It was suggested that we should start early.

b) Her suggestion was that we should start early.

c) She suggested that we should start early.

d) We discussed her suggestion that we should start early.

26 The forms of the subjunctive mood show that the action is unreal, i.e. "she speaks like a native, but she is not a native in fact". In colloquial English the indicative mood is often used in these clauses: She speaks English so well as if she is a native; She is so pale as if she was ill for some time. Clauses following link verbs be. feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste should be treated in the analysis as predicative clauses (see pattern 7.2.3). E.g.: She looks as if she were angry.

27 I cannot but... не могу не...; I cannot but agree with you не могу не согласиться с вами;

28 nothing but только; ничего кроме; nothing but the truth ничего, кроме правды;

29 I cannot choose but go мне необходимо пойти;

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