- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
The subjunctive mood forms in English may be classified into the following types':
The synthetic forms
5.2.1. The subjunctive I
This form coincides with the plain verb stem for all persons and is used in set-phrases to express wish. E.g.:
Long live peace;
Suffice it to say that...
Far be it from me (to do something).
This form is also used mostly in American English (A.E.) in subject, predicative, object and attributive appositive23 clauses to express order, necessity, obligation, request, command, recommendation, etc. In British English (B.E.) should + infinitive is rather preferred in such cases. E.g:
I advise that you participate in this programme (B.E.: should participate).
5.2.2. The subjunctive II
This form coincides with the forms of the past indefinite (past continuous) or the past perfect (past perfect continuos) tenses and is used to express unreal condition in various types of subordinate clauses. The form of the past indefinite is used to express unreal actions simultaneous with those of the principal clause (example 1) or actions which refer to the present, future or to no particular time (example 2).
The form of the past perfect is used to express actions prior to those of the principal clause (example 3) or actions which refer to the past (example 4). E.g.:
(1) It's time they arrived (but they haven't arrived yet);
(2) If I were you, I would go there tonight;
(3) I wish I had bought that book yesterday (but I did not and now I regret it);
(4) If it had not been cold yesterday, we would have gone to the beach.
To express unreality the verb be. in the past indefinite tense is used for both singular and plural subjects in the form were (i.e.: If I were you... ; If he were here now..., etc.). Was (with /, he, she. it) is sometimes used in less formal speech but is not generally considered grammatically acceptable, thought such usage becomes more and more frequent even in the literary standard of the "World Englishes".
The analytical forms
5.2.3. The conditional mood
The conditional mood has the following structure:
Combinations of mood would (should)24 and indefinite infinitive/ auxiliaries perfect infinitive |
The form is used to express unreal actions in simple and complex sentences. Combinations of would (should) and the indefinite infinitive have reference to the present or future (or to no particular time).
E.g. If I were free now, I would stay with you.
Combinations of would (should) and the perfect infinitive have reference to the past (the so called "rejected past"). E.g.:
If John had heard about your marriage, he would have come to your wedding party. (You had a wedding party last month hut you didn't inform John so he didn't come).
5.2. The suppositional mood
The suppositional mood has the following structure:
Combination of mood should and indefinite infinitive auxiliary (for all persons) |
This form is used to express problematic condition in the adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future and suggests that the condition is unlikely to be met (i.e. it has a strong modal meaning). In principal clauses either will with indefinite infinitive or the imperative mood are used. E.g.:
If you should be in Kyiv again, I will be happy to see you.
If you should see Harry, give him our love.
These conditional structures can take inversion of subject and predicate and omit if. The resulting structures are pretty formal:
Should you be in Kyiv again, I will be happy to see you.
Should you see Harry, give him our love.
The suppositional mood is also used in subject, predicative, object and attributive appositive clauses to express order, necessity, obligation, request, recommendation, command, etc. (mostly in B.E.). E.g.:
It is important that the students should be informed about the conference.