- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
1. A reporter is coming in the morning to interview me.
2. She regarded him critically for a moment.
3. After drinking only one cup of coffee, John pleaded fatigue.
4.I could do and say what I pleased without being scrutinised or criticised.
5. Rising swiftly, she stepped away from him.
6. She smiled, trying to shake off her mood.
7. An hour later they all stood in the ranch yard.
8. You were making too much noise to hear me.
9. He headed toward the helicopter.
10. She moved again, slowly, deliberately, like a cat.
11. Having spent a sleepless night, he was unable to concentrate.
12. The nurse opened the door and motioned with her finger for me to come.
13. It is not the story that excited you enough to buy it.
14. The porch light was burning, throwing its bright track past the steps.
15. It being August there would be crowds at all the popular places.
16. In case of any emergency, press the knob on your right.
Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
1. She felt again the strong undercurrent of things long ago said and done.
2. How she hated the thought of parting with it.
3. It was the most logical, practical, sensible thing to do.
4. For a man like you an old-lavender-and-lace memory is wrong.
5. She stepped out into the night's sharp cold.
6. She walked in bearing a tray laden with coffee and cups.
7. Snow fell with no wind to stir it.
8. There was a note on the window for me to fill the cars with the material piled in the hall.
9. He had a man's thoughts and a man's desires.
10.I have a shower to take, calls to make, and work to do.
11. I've brought some writing paper for you.
12. A few minutes later a muslin blouse and a white petticoat were waving gently in the evening breeze.
Exercise 9. Distinguish between the predicative constructions and subordinate clauses in the following sentences. State the syntactic functions of the predicative constructions and the types of the subordinate clauses.
1. It's a pity you aren't shooting your movie now instead of waiting for winter.
2. It's not easy for me to crouch down for long. 3.1 felt his breath come toward me.
4. He said he felt he was advancing in the Army.
5. It being Saturday, Arabella was at home, the strings of her record player coming from the drawing room.
6. That evening, Sarah being on hospital duty, I persuaded Virginia to go with me to the cinema.
7. But that thought recalled other memories that still hurt.
8. It was a role she'd ultimately won.
9. Kit realised she was lying on the sofa, a pillow propping her head up.
10. I've given Leith a pill for you to take.
11. It makes you forget all the bad.
12. He told me he never expected a theatre to be run on such business-like lines.
13. In fact, it'll be a good time for us to go over some paperwork.
14. Looking at him, she was struck again by the illusory feeling that she'd known John all her life.
15.1 felt something dripping.
Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
1. In the living room, Paula lazed on the sofa, an open book propped on her knees. 2.1 heard you ride out again.
3. A tall slender woman shifted out of someone's way, her pale blond hair gleaming in the club's soft lighting.
4. I'll have a listing agreement ready for you to sigh.
5. She saw the young girl at the desk watching her.
6. He watched Laura climb the steps to her room.
7. He let the silence between them build for a time.
8. The real cause of the explosion was evident enough for everyone to discuss it.
9. I'm getting scripts sent to me every day for you to read.
10. Did you want me to leave a note for Dad to call you?
11. He didn't want to see her being swept into the power struggles.
12. It would be a sin for her to throw away a chance like this.
13. Then I had to get John to open the door, which made worse, it being him.
14. She looked at him, her eyes cold, killing.
15. But she was looking out the side window, her face averted.