- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
The Predicative
The Subject of the sentence |
is was will be |
to do smth to be done |
E.g. What I want is to be left alone.
The infinitive may be part of a compound verbal predicate.
E.g. Could you tell me the time?
The Object
To promise offer remember forget agree decide pretend want mean |
to do smth
to be doing smth
to be done |
E.g. She didn’t want to be seen in such company.
To be glad to be pleased to be astonished to be angry to be delighted to be afraid |
to do smth to be doing smth to have done smth to have been doing smth to be done to have been done |
E.g. They were astonished to have found me there.
The Attribute
The first the last the second |
to do smth |
E.g. Who was the last to speak to him?
Somebody nobody anything someone |
to do smth |
E.g. I have nothing to tell you.
There was nobody there to show him how to do it.
Man place time thing |
to do smth |
E.g. It is not the right time to discuss this subject.
The passive infinitive is seldom used in the attributive function; the correct way is to say “it is a book to read” and not “to be read”.
Exceptions: there is nothing to be done and nothing to do; there is something to be seen, to be said and something to see, to say.
The attributive passive infinitive may have a future meaning: The houses to be built there will be of the same type.
The Adverbial Modifier of Purpose
To do smth |
(in order / so as) |
to get smth to be given smth |
E.g. I have come here to speak to you.
She pretended to be quite well so as not to be taken to the doctor.
The Adverbial Modifier of Result.
(too) |
young old easy difficult |
(enough) |
to do smth to be done to have done to have been done |
E.g. You are too young to wear black.
That girl is stupid enough to have believed every word he says.
The Secondary Predicative
Smb. Smth. |
is was |
nice hard difficult pleasant impossible |
to do (at, with) |
E.g. She is nice to work with.
Infinitive without Particle to (Bare Infinitive)
Bare infinitive is used:
Rules |
Examples |
After auxiliaries and modal verbs except ought, have, be. |
Do you know what time is it now? You must come and see us one day. You ought to have come earlier. |
After the verbs denoting sense perception such as to hear, to see, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice, etc in the active voice. |
I saw him enter the shop. But: He was seen to enter the shop. |
After the verbs to let, to make, to have (in the meaning to get), to know (in the meaning to see / to observe) in the active voice. |
Don’t let the children annoy you. She made me do this test again. I’ll have an electrician repair it. But: I was made to stand in the corner. |
After modal expressions had better, cannot but27, would rather, nothing but28, would sooner, cannot choose but29. |
I’d rather be told the truth. You’d better not make a mistake next time. He couldn’t but go there. |
In infinitive sentences beginning with why (not). |
Why not cook fish tonight? You look tired. Why not take a holiday? |
We use both bare infinitive and to-infinitive forms after the verbs need, dare, do and help. (Bare infinitive is preferable after positive forms and needn’t. To-infinitive after doesn’t / don’t need, dare not and help not). |
You needn’t do this washing up. You don’t need to clean the floor. Does she dare (to) refuse you? All I did was (to) give him the information. How can I help my children not to worry about their exams? |