- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
The Subject
It |
is was will be would be |
hard easy good bad important impossible not |
for smb
for smth |
to do smth to be doing smth to be done |
E.g. It will be best for her to go back home.
It’s easier for me to go out and buy new pair.
It’s silly for you to be asking me questions.
It is not for me to say so.
It |
is was will be |
nice kind sensible silly stupid tactless |
of smb |
to do smth |
E.g. It was silly of you to ask that question.
It is kind of you to say so.
It will be very sensible of you to go there at once.
The Object
to long to wait to arrange to mean to be anxious |
for smb |
to do smth |
||||
to make to think to believe |
it |
difficult easy necessary important best |
for smb |
to do smth |
||
E.g. I’m anxious for you to succeed.
I have arranged for you to have a private room.
He did not mean for you to stay here.
Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell you the truth.
He thinks it best for you to stay here.
The Attribute
somebody nothing anyone |
for smb |
to do smth |
man thing time place |
for smb |
to do smth |
E.g. There is no one for the children to play with.
There is nothing for me to say.
It is not the right time for us to speak about it.
It was the only thing for me to do.
The Adverbial Modifier of Purpose
to do smth
|
for smb |
to do smth |
E.g. He stood aside for us to pass in.
I left the notice on the table for everybody to see.
The Adverbial Modifier of Result
(too) |
easy difficult young old |
(enough) |
for smb |
to do smth |
E.g. The rain can last long enough for us to miss the train.
The day was much too cold and rainy for anyone to have a good time.
The water is warm enough for the children to bathe.
The Gerund
The Gerund is a non-finite form of the verb that has both noun and verb characteristics. Its noun characteristics are the following:
The Gerund can be the subject of the sentence, an object, a predicative (e.g. Reading is his favourite pastime. (subject) I’ve finished reading. (object) My worst habit is smoking. (predicative)
It can be preceded by a preposition (e.g. He insisted on coming in time).
It can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun (e.g. Excuse my interrupting you. I hate John’s coming late every day).
Its verb characteristics are the following:
It can be followed by a direct or an indirect object (e.g. Closing the factory means putting people out of work. He hates speaking to strangers.)
It can be modified by an adverb (e.g. A teacher of English must avoid speaking too quickly.)
The Gerund has voice and tense distinctions:
Objective verbs have four forms of the Gerund:
Indefinite |
Passive |
writing |
being written |
Perfect |
Perfect Passive |
having written |
having been written |
Subjective verbs have only two forms of the Gerund:
Indefinite |
Passive |
standing |
- |
Perfect |
Perfect Passive |
having stood |
- |
The Gerund can be easily confused with the verbal noun. In some cases it is impossible to tell whether you are dealing with a gerund or with a verbal noun and consequently impossible to translate the sentence with any degree of exactness. In most cases we can distinguish between the gerund and the verbal noun in the following way: