- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the main communicative unit of human language?
2. What is the difference between clauses and sentences?
3. What is the difference between finite and non-finite predication?
4. In what ways clauses may be linked together?
5. What are the principles of simple sentences classification?
6. What types of simple sentences do you know?
Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
1. Another day of rain.
2. How very dark it is!
3. Is he wise?
4. And then the silence and the beauty of the place.
5. (1)" How did she look?" (2)"Pretty".
6. She was glad, wasn't she?
7. He was trying to keep from laughing.
8. We don't have to worry.
9. His heart felt swollen.
10. (1)"According to Jerry Hall you're going abroad". (2)"Eventually", I said.
(3)"What does that mean?" (4)"Soon. (5) In a week or so",
11. (1 )"Where have you been?" (2)"Calling on the British".
12. You sound serious.
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
1. At what structural levels of syntactic system can the principal and secondary parts of a sentence be expressed?
2. What is the difference between the simple verbal and the compound nominal predicate?
3. What is the difference between the compound verbal modal and the compound verbal aspect predicates?
4. What is the difference between the direct and the indirect objects?
5. What parts of a sentence can be expressed by the predicative constructions?
6. What parts of a sentence can be expressed by clauses?
Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
1. It was a wild land, an ageless land, harsh and beautiful.
2. Now the rich and celebrated came to play here.
3. It was the harsh world of reality.
4. It is awfully hard work doing nothing.
5. Convincing him of that will be difficult.
6. This star is believed to be nearing the end of its life.
7. It has been raining steadily for a fortnight.
8. It's time for you to get a job.
9. Voices were heard calling for help.
10. There was no sign of the two men.
11. It is important to have a general agreement on minerals research.
12. The veteran navy helicopter pilot was standing next to the helicopter.
Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
1. The sun was starting to go down and it was very pleasant.
2. They both became absorbed in routine.
3. She flashed a look from Ben to Verity.
4. The division were to attack at a place up the river.
5. A new road was being finished that would go over the mountain.
6. The dirty windows were all shut.
7. She gave a snort of disbelief.
8. The system was to bring everything up the road.
9. She had been silent through most of the tour.
10.I began to be more puzzled than before.
11. Her face went cool.
12.I may be a big star in the public's eye, but I'm on shaky grounds in Hollywood.
13. It must be remembered that I was very young.
14. The lieutenant lay asleep on the other bed.
15. That sounds fine.
16. She was immersed in thought.
17. This time, this trip was going to be different.
18. She shot a glance at her passenger.
19. A man has to accept age as it comes.
20. She continued to scrutinise autumn images on the screen.
Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
1. She turned to smile at him.
2. Give me all our particulars.
3. I know how to handle this.
4. I suggest putting a price of twelve million on it.
5. Sondra handed her a business card.
6. He saw her walking toward him.
7.I don't want the money for myself.
8. I am sorry for not telling you of my decision.
9. I expect you to call me.
10. I rescued him from that.
11. He introduced her to the slim man at his side.
12. He obviously bitterly regretted confiding in her.
13. You think about her a lot, don't you?
14. They lived a long happy life.
15. "Of course you'd never heard me sing," he said.