- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
1. Fortunately, that can be corrected by convincing the neighbouring rancher to sell me that land.
2. She had heard a visiting scientist describe Antarctica's immensity of snow and ice as appalling.
3. Unfortunately, she still faced the problem of finding the money to pay for her mother's care.
4. He was too much excited to sit still and took her out into the crowded street to walk.
5. Anyway, I kept walking around the room, waiting for this girl to show up.
6. Julia, her heart now beating nineteen to the dozen, made an effort to control her voice.
7. It was unlike him not to give her a smile and a friendly word.
8. Balancing on three legs, the Donkey began to bring his forth leg very cautiously up to his ear.
9. He glanced at Laura, sitting in the middle next to him, her gaze fixed on the road ahead of them.
10.1 walked across to them, and gave her a letter without a word.
Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
1. Bernard and I did not tell Alice what had happened to her husband, who was supposed to take full charge of the children after she died, but she found out about it anyway.
2.1 tried to think about Gatsby then for a moment, but he was already too far away, and I could only remember without resentment, that Daisy hadn't sent a message or a flower.
3. She could say the words now without tasting any of the bitterness they'd once held, but she could remember the shock, the pain she'd felt when she'd read that short letter from her father informing her of Bannon's marriage.
4.1 was conscious of my ignorance, and if she was a well-known writer I thought it as well to ascertain the fact before I spoke to her.
5. It's quite clear now that when I thought Charles was at his club he was with her.
6. When I shook hands with Mrs. Strickland I told her that if I could be of any use to her I should be very glad.
7. But because I have learnt that man is incalculable, I should not at this time of day be so surprised by the news that reached me when in the early autumn I returned to London.
8. I remembered from my previous meeting with him that he had a foolish face, and was proud of the fact that for the ten years before he left the army he had played polo three days a week.
9. But when she returned to the house, she discovered she didn't feel like unpacking or doing one of the thousand things she'd just told John she needed to do.
10. With the entire afternoon ahead of her Kit decided that after she called Maggie to check on her mother, she'd go through all the papers in his desk.
Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
1. At dinner I ate very quickly and left for the villa where the British had their hospital.
2. It was really very large and beautiful and there were fine trees in the grounds.
3. When I got home it was too late and I did not see Miss Barkley until the next evening.
4.1 set on a chair and held my cap.
5.1 wore a real one and felt like a gunman until I practised firing it.
6. Is there anything you'd like to talk about?
7. Then Harris and I, having finished up the few things left on the table, carted out our luggage onto the doorstep, and waited for a cab.
8. He came up to a dead stop, and, leaning against the railings and selecting a straw to chew, fixed us with his eye.
9. By that time, quite a small crowd had collected, and people were asking each other what was the matter.
10. It was the first time I had ever heard her laugh.
11.1 thought I'd stop by your office on Monday and pick up the ranch keys. 12. She inquired how long my parents had been dead, then how old I was, what was my name, whether I could read, write and sew a little.