- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
Exercise 4
1. it - the demonstrative it. 2. the rich and celebrated - a substantivized adjective and substantivized participle. 3. his ~ a possessive pronoun in the absolute form. 4. it (the formal subject) - the introductory it. 5. convincing - an indefinite active gerund. 6. this star (...) to be nearing (a complex subject) - a subjective infinitive construction. (Some authors treat the infinitive in such sentences as part of a compound verbal predicate (See: Кобрина и др. 1985:113 - 114). 7. И - the impersonal it 8. for you to get (a complex subject) - a /or-fo-infmitive construction. 9. voices (...) calling (a complex subject) - a subjective participial construction. (Some authors treat the participle in such sentences as part of a compound verbal predicate (see: Кобрина и др. 1985:147). 10. sign - a noun in the common case, singular. There is also another approach to analysing such sentences which treats there as part of the predicate (there was...). 11. it (the formal subject) - the introductory it. 12. the pilot - a noun in the common case, singular.
Exercise 5
1. was starting to go down - CVAP; was pleasant - CNP. 2. became absorbed -CNP. 3.flashed a look - PhP. 4. were to attack - CVMP. 5. was being finished - SVP (the verb is in the passive voice); would go - SVP. 6. were shut - CNP. 7. gave a snort -PhP. 8. was to bring - CNP. 9. had been silent - CNP. 10. began to he puzzled - mixed type: a compound aspect nominal predicate. 11. went cool - CNP. 12. may be a star -mixed type: a compound modal nominal predicate. 13. must be remembered - CVMP. 14. lay asleep - a double predicate. 15.sounds fine - CNP. 16. was immersed - CNP. 17. was going to be different - mixed type : a compound modal nominal predicate. 18. shot a glance - PhP. 19. has to accept - CVMP. 20. continued to scrutinize - CVAP.
Exercise 6
1. at him - prepositional. 2. all your particulars - direct; me_- indirect. 3. how to handle - direct; this - direct. 4. putting - direct; a price - direct; on it - prepositional. 5. a business card - direct; her - indirect. 6. her walking - complex. 7. the money - direct; for myself- prepositional. 8. for not telling - prepositional; you - direct; of my decision
- prepositional. 9. you to call - complex. 10. him - direct; from that - prepositional. 11. her - direct; to the slim man - indirect. 12. confiding - direct; in her - prepositional. 13. about her - prepositional; a lot - direct. 14. a long happy Ше - cognate. 15. me sing -direct.
Exercise 7
1. in the morning - time; to interview - purpose. 2. critically -manner; for a moment - frequency. 3. after drinking - time. 4. without being scrutinised or criticised -manner (or attendant circumstances). 5. rising - time; swiftly - manner. 6. trying to shake off her mood - attendant circumstances. 7. an hour later - time; in the ranch yard
- place. 8. too - degree; to hear me - result. 9. toward the helicopter - direction. 10.
again - time; slowly, deliberately - manner; like a cat - comparison. 11. having spent a sleepless night - cause. 12. for me to come - complex adverbial modifier of purpose. 13. to buy - result. 14. throwing its bright track past the steps - attendant circumstances. 15. (1) it being August - complex adverbial modifier of cause; (2) at all the popular places - place. 16. in case of any emergency - condition.