- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
5.2.5. Modal verbs
Modal verbs could and might followed by the appropriate infinitive may also be used to express unreality in certain syntactic patterns if the context so requires. E.g.: I wish I could go round the world in a boat. If you had been more polite, he might have agreed to what you proposed.
5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
There is a tendency in Modern spoken English to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries with the aim of speech economy. Thus, the form I’d may be a substitute for would, should, could and had and create, therefore problems for understanding by foreign listeners. Often the context of the message helps to "unpack" the meaning. E.g.:
If I'd been (had been) in London last weekend, I'd have gone (would have gone) to Anna's party.
There is also an obvious tendency to use the contracted form of the auxiliary have.
E.g.: If I'd seen this book in the shops, I would've bought it for you.
6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
6.1. The conditional mood
may be used to express unreal actions even if unreal condition is not expressed by an (if-clause but is clear from the context (implied unreal condition).
E.g.: He would have said a great deal more. But he was tired and kept silence (The implied condition is: "If he had not been tired, he would have said a great deal more").
The same may be expressed in a different way:
He was tired. Otherwise (or) he would have said a great deal more.
6.2. Unreal condition
may be expressed by a special adverbial modifier:
but for something somebody |
would should could might |
do/have done something |
E.g.: But for the weather, they would go skating.
6.3. Unreal condition
may be expressed by an infinitive phrase functioning as the subject of the sentence:
to do/to have done something |
would could might |
do/have done something. |
E.g.: Surely we won't invite her. To invite her would mean to spoil the weekend.
6.4. The following phrases have ceased to express unreality.
They give the utterance a milder and more polite meaning:
somebody |
had better had/would rather would sooner |
do something |
E.g.:
It's too late. You'd better take a taxi.
It's none of my business, I'd rather not interfere.
6.5. The subjunctive II may be used to express wish or regret in simple sentences:
If only Oh, that Oh, if |
somebody did/ had done something |
E.g.:
If only I knew English grammar better!
Oh, that I were young again!
Oh, if I had known the truth at that time!
7. BASIC PATTERNS WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
7.1. Subject Clauses
7.1.1. It is strange (funny, sad, etc.) that he should know it.
(In such sentences it is possible to use the indicative mood which is less formal. E.g.: It is strange that he knows it.)
7.1.2. It is necessary (ordered, proposed, required, etc.) that he should go there25 (A.E.: ... that he go there).
7.1.3. It's time (high time) he were here.
7.2. Predicative clauses
7.2.1. His suggestion is that we should go there (A. E.: ... that we go. there.)
7.2.2. Our fear is lest he should misunderstand us. (The indicative mood is used in this pattern in less formal style after the conjunction that: Our fear is that he will/may misunderstand us. Compare with pattern 7.3.4.).
7.2.3. He looks as if he were ill (now). He looks as if he had been ill (some time before).
7.3. Object clauses
7.3.1. I wish she were in Kyiv (now) (the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the action of the principal clause)
I wish she had been in Kyiv (some time before) (the action of the subordinate clause is prior to the action of the principal clause).
7.3.2.1 wish you would keep quiet (this pattern expresses volition and refers to the future),
7.3.3. He suggests that they should go there (A.E.: ... that they go_there.)
7.3.4.I am afraid lest he should misunderstand us. (The indicative mood is used in this pattern in lees formal style after the conjunction that: I am afraid that he will/may misunderstand us. Compare with pattern 7.2.2).