- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
The Attribute
intention plan idea point sense purpose habit good harm mistake difficulty way opportunity advantage / disadvantage cause |
of smb’s doing smth |
||
There is no (little) Smb sees no (little) |
sense harm difficulty point danger |
in smb’s doing smth |
e.g. I had no idea of your being there.
There is little sense in your staying here just now.
The Adverbial Modifier
on (upon) after before by through because of without in spite of despite instead of at |
smb’s doing smth |
e.g. All that was after their leaving the place.
They waited in spite of our being late for an hour or so.
Participle
The Participle is a non-finite form which has certain verbal features and the syntactical functions of adjectival and adverbial character.
There are two participles in English – Participle I and Participle II. They are also called the present and the past participles though they differ in voice rather than in tense.
Objective verbs have four forms of Participle I:
Indefinite active |
Indefinite passive |
writing |
being written |
Perfect active |
Perfect passive |
having written |
having been written |
Subjective verbs have only two forms of Participle I:
Indefinite active |
Indefinite passive |
standing |
- |
Perfect active |
Perfect passive |
having stood |
- |
Participle II has only one form: written.
Most subjective verbs have no forms of Participle II outside the analytical forms of the verb. (Such participles as died, risen, walked can not be used predicatively or attributively, they only help to form the analytical forms of the verb – have walked, etc.)
The tenses of the participle are relative and show whether the action named by the participle took place at the same time with that of the finite verb or whether it preceded it.
Participle I Indefinite active (or passive) shows that the action named by the participle took place at the same time with that of the finite verb. These forms denote simultaneousness in the present, past or future.
E.g. That day we stayed at home watching TV.
Participle I Perfect active and passive shows that the action named by the participle preceded that of the finite verb. These forms denote priority to a present, past or future action.
E.g. Having said what I was obliged to say I want to tell you now how sorry I am.
Participle II in most cases denotes priority.
E.g. She pulled the long forgotten letter out of its hiding place.
Participle II may sometimes have a meaning of simultaneousness.
E.g. The dog carried by a child gave a sharp yelp of protest.
Participle I Indefinite and Perfect may take direct objects.
E.g. Holding the child close to her she seemed to be showing him something.
Having written the last word she looked up interrogatively.
Participles I and II may be modified by adverbs.
E.g. Deeply hurt, she cleared the table silently.
We saw him crossing the street very quickly.