- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
Exercise 8
1. strong - an adjective; of things - a prepositional noun phrase; long ago said and done - participles II. 2. of parting with it - a gerundial phrase. 3. the most logical, practical, sensible - adjectives in the superlative degree of comparison; to do - an indefinite active infinitive. 4. old-lavender-and-lace - a quotation group. 5. night's - a noun in the genitive case; sharp- an adjective. 6. laden - participle II. 7. no.- a negative pronoun; to stir - an indefinite active infinitive, 8. for me to fill - a/or-fo-infmitive construction; piled - participle II. 9. a man's, a man's - nouns in the genitive case. 10. to take, to make, to do - indefinite active infinitives. 11. some - an indefinite pronoun; writing - a gerund. 12. muslin, evening - nouns in the common case; white - an adjective.
Exercise 9
1. you aren't shooting your movie (...) - a subject clause.
2. for me to crouch down - a complex subject (a/b/'-to-infinitive construction). 3. his breath come - a complex object (an objective with the infinitive construction). 4. he felt - an object clause; he was advancing in the Army - an object clause. 5. it being Saturday - a complex adverbial modifier of cause (a nominative absolute participial construction); the strings of her record player coming from the drawing room - a complex adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (a nominative absolute participial construction). 6. Sarah being on hospital duty - a complex adverbial modifier of cause (a nominative absolute participial construction). 7. that still hurt - an attributive relative restrictive clause. 8. she'd ultimately won - an attributive relative restrictive clause. 9. a pillow propping her head up - a complex adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (a nominative absolute participial construction). 10. for you to take - a
complex attribute (a for-to-infinitive construction). 11. you forget - a complex object (an objective with the infinitive construction). 12. he never expected (...) - an object clause; a theatre to be run - a complex object (an objective with the infinitive construction). 13. for us to go over - a complex subject (a for-to-munitive construction). 14. that she'd known John all her life - an attributive appositive clause. 15. something dripping - a complex object (an objective participial construction).
Exercise 10
1. an open book propped or. her knees - a complex adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (a nominative absolute participial construction). 2. you ride - a complex object (an objective with the infinitive construction). 3. her pale blond hair gleaming in the club's soft lighting - a complex adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (a nominative absolute participial construction). 4. for you to sign - a prepositional complex object (a ybr-to-infinitive construction). 5. the young girl (...) watching - a complex object (an objective participial construction). 6. Laura climb - a complex object (an objective with the infinitive construction). 7. the silence (...) build - a complex object (an objective with the infinitive construction). 8. for everyone to discuss - a complex adverbial modifier of result (a^br-to-infinitive construction). 9. for you to read - a complex adverbial modifier of purpose (aybr-to-infinitive construction). 10. me to leave - a complex object (an objective with the infinitive construction); for Dad to call - a complex attribute (a /or-to-infinitive construction). 11. her being swept - a complex object (an objective participial construction). 12. for her to throw away - a complex subject (a^or-to-mfinitive construction). 13. John to open - a complex object (an objective with the infinitive construction); it being him - a complex adverbial modifier of cause (a nominative absolute participial construction). 14. her eyes cold, killing - a complex adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (a nominative absolute construction). 15. her face averted - a complex adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (a nominative absolute participial construction).
Exercise 13
1. complex. 2. compound. 3. compound-complex. 4. simple. 5.complex. 6. complex. 7. simple. 8. simple. 9. compound-complex. 10. complex. 11. complex. 12. complex-compound.
Exercise 17
1. had; had; would (should) go; 2. knew; knew; would (should) go; 3. understood; understood; would (should) explain; 4. did not have to go; did not have to go; would (should) go; would (should) visit.
Exercise 18
1. had studied; would have passed; 2. had told; would (should) have got; had known; 3. had told; would (should) have picked; 4. had come; would have had.
Exercise 19
1. had not left; would (should) know; 2. had rained; would be; 3. were not; would have noticed; 4. were not; would have been ready.
Exercise 20
1. The Head of the State insisted that the Cabinet of Ministers should take steps (or. take steps) to accelerate construction of the new gas pipeline.
2. The demand of the strikers was that the Board of Directors should fulfil (or. fulfil) its promises.
3. It was proposed that this problem should be included (or: be included) into the agenda of the next session of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
4. It's high time you knew these grammar rules.
5. If you had put this book on the shelf, it would be there now. 6.1 would have written to her long ago if I knew her address.
7. Arthur would not have changed his decision even if Gemma had asked him. 8.1 wish you had gone to the lecture yesterday. If you had gone to the lecture, you would be much better informed about the current situation.
9.1 wish I had free time now. If I had free time, we would discuss this problem. 10. She behaves as if she were (or. was in colloquial English) a child.