- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
A.: - What's the matter with you? Why are you standing here?
В.: - Oh, I wish I knew what to do!
A.: - Has anything gone wrong?
В.: - Yes, I had a quarrel with my wife this morning. If only I had not told her all those awful things!
A.: - I see... But it's dark and cold here. I think you'd better go home. It'll be all right, I'm sure.
В.: - Leave me alone! I'd sooner die than return home.
A.: - Do as you like. I'd rather be going, but if I were you, I should have been home long ago.
Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
(1) A.: - Can you go to Jim's party tonight? В.: - No, I can’t, but I wish I could.
(2) A.: - Are you a good musician? В.:-No,..., but I wish....
(3) A.: - Do you smoke? В.: - Yes,..., but I wish ....
(4) A.:- Is Maria in your class? В.:-No,..., But I wish....
(5) A.: - Are the students always in time for class? В.: - No,..., but I wish ....
(6) A.: - Can you come to my house for dinner tomorrow night? В.: - I'm sorry but I.... I wish I....
Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
THE TRUE SITUATION |
MAKING A WISH ABOUT THE PAST |
(1)1 didn't call my friend last night. |
I wish I had called my friend last night. |
(2) I didn't go to class yesterday. |
I wish... |
(3) Tom spent all his money yesterday. |
Tom wishes... |
(4) Ann didn't finish high school. |
Ann wishes... |
(5) Jerry wasn't at the meeting last week. |
Jerry wishes... |
(6) Fred didn't help me. |
I wish... |
Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
1.1 don't have enough time. I wish I (to have) enough time. If I (to have) enough time, I (to go) to the park.
2, I don't know how to swim. I wish I (to know) how to swim. If I (to know) how to swim, I (to go) to the beach with you.
3.1 don't understand the sentence. I wish I (to understand) it. If I (to understand) it, I (to explain) its meaning to you.
4.1 have to go to class today. I wish I (not to have to go). If I (not to have to go) to class today, I (to go) shopping, or (to visit) my friends.
Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
1. Ann didn't study for the test. If she (to study) for the test, she (to pass) it.
2. I didn't know it was your birthday yesterday. I wish you (to tell me). I (to get) you a present if I (to know) It was your birthday yesterday.
3. Why didn't you tell me when your plane was supposed to arrive? If you (to tell) me, I (to pick) you up at the airport.
4. I'm sorry that you didn't come to the party. If you (to come) to the party, you (to have) a good time.
Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
1. If I (not to leave) my watch at home, we (to know) the time now.
2. If it (to rain) last night, the ground (to be) soft now.
3. If you (not to be) so indifferent to him, you (to notice) long ago that there was something happening to him.
4. If you (not to be) wasting time, your term paper (to be ready) long ago.
Exercise 20. Translate into English the following sentences observing the forms of the subjunctive mood in subject, predicative, object and adverbial clauses (see patterns 7.1.2, 7.1.3, 7.2.1, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, 7.8).
1. Глава держави наполягав, щоб Кабінет Міністрів вжив заходів для прискорення будівництва нового газопроводу.
2. Вимога страйкарів полягала у тому, щоб рада директорів компанії виконала всі свої обіцянки.
3. Було запропоновано, щоб ця проблема була включена у порядок денний наступної ceciї Парламентської Асамблеї Ради Європи.
4. Ви вже давно повинні знати ці граматичні правила.
5. Якщо б ви поклали цю книжку на полицю, вона зараз була би там.
6. Я би вже давно написала їй листа, якби знала адресу.
7. Артур не змінив би свого рішення, навіть якщо б Джемма попросила його це зробити.
8. Дуже прикро, що ви не пішли на лекцію вчора. Якщо б ви пішли, то були б зараз набагато краще поінформовані про стан подій.
9. Дуже прикро, що зараз у мене немає вільного часу. Якщо б у мене був вільний час, то ми б обговорили цю проблему.
10. Вона поводить себе так, ніби-то вона мала дитина.