VIII. Comment on the use of Participle in the following sentences. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. The marketer must consider the total marketing mix setting prices.

2. If SONY increased its advertising at the same time that it lowered its television prices, we would not know how much of the increased advertising.

3. An increasing number of companies are basing their prices on the product’s perceived value.

4. Using expected profit as a basis for setting price makes sense for the large firm that makes many bids.

5. A company using value-based pricing must find out what value buyers assign to different competitive offers.

6. Channel objectives should be stated in terms of the desired service level of target consumers.

7. When setting prices, the company must consider consumer perceptions of price and how these perceptions affect consumers’ buying decisions.

8. Another external factor affecting the company’s pricing decisions is competitors’ costs and prices and possible competitor reactions to the company’s own pricing moves.

9. Companies bringing out an innovative, patent –protected product face the challenge of setting prices for the first time.

10. Using product-bundle pricing, sellers often combine several of their products and offer the bundle at a reduced price.

11. Having exchanged views on the basic areas of co-operation, the participants in the talks agreed that it was necessary to improve joint planning and to carry forward specialization in production.

12. A company also must decide how to price its products to customers located in different parts of the country or world.

13. Another situation leading to price changes is falling market share in the face of strong price competition.

14. Rising costs squeeze profit margins and lead companies to regular rounds of price increases.

15. Distribution channels can be described by the number of channel levels involved.

16. Having received the report on the accident, the Works Manager wants the supervisor to make sure all the welders follow the safety rules in future.

17. If interest rates are lowered, businesses will borrow more from the banks, jobs will be created, but prices might rise and that inflation.

18. About 80 percent of all retail stores are independents, accounting for two-thirds of all retail sales.

19. A shopping center is a group of retail businesses planned, developed, owned and managed as a unit.

20. Chain stores are two or more outlets that are commonly owned and controlled.

IX. Make up sentences with the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction according to the models:

Model 1	…initial mistake was made of seating the representa­tives in a semi-circle, all facing the chair.
Model 2	That done, everything else depends on where they are to sit.
Model 3	With the center block thus secured, the motion will be carried.

X. Make up a few sentences with the verbs «rise», «raise», «arise», «arouse». Study the Note.

Note: Rise (rose, risen) and arise (arose, arisen) are irregular and intransitive, i.e. they never have a direct object. Raise and arouse are regular and transitive — they are usually followed by a direct object. Arouse is often used in the figurative sense.

The cost of living continues to rise.

Use this money when the need arises.

He raised his offer to $ 500.

The proposal has aroused most discussion.