utevskaya_n_l_english_grammar_book_version_2_0

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<люблю пьесы Шекспира. 3. У нее лицо было маленькое, как у ребенка.

<подруга Анны. 6. Я провела зимние каникулы у тети. 7. Как я люблю

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~этот портрет отца! 8. Вчера у меня не было времени пойти в парикмахер­

The Article

The article is used as а deterтiner of the noun. There are two articles in the English language:

1) the indefinite article and

2)the definite article.

А[;J] and ап [;Jll] are called indefinite articles. They have developed froт the old cardinal nuтeral опе. lt is pronounced [;J] before consonants and [;Jn] before vowels:

аtab/e [;J 'terЬl]; ап apple [;Jn 'repl].

The definite article the [o;J, or] has developed froт the deтonstrative pronoun this. The definite article is pronounced [o;J] before consonants and [or] before vowel sounds: the реп [o;J 'pen]; the hour [ar 'au;J]

The use of articles in English is а difficult thing, but graттar rules сап help in this work.

The Use of the lndefinite Article

The indefinite article is used:

1) before соттоn nouns in the singular used in а general sense:

1have а chair iп туrоот.

Note. ln the plural по article is used in this case: 1have chairs iп туrоот.

2) before nouns showing tiтe, nuтber, weight, тeasure, price:

Suттerсотеs опсе а year.

1go to the сiпета опсе а week. 1bought а kilograт of sugar.

3)before the words dozeп, huпdred, thousaпd, тillioп etc:

1waпt а dozeп of eggs.

Аhuпdred studeпts took part iп the festival.

4)before the words fewand little in the тeaning of sоте:

There were а few apples iп the tree. 1have а little tiтe for you.

5)after the words тапу, such, quite, ratherfollowed Ьу а noun in the singular:

Не is such а clever Ьоу. She is quite а good girl.

This is rather а difficult probleт.

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6)after what in exclamatory sentences:

What а nice day!

7)afterthe verbs Ье and have:

She is а teacher.

8) before а noun in apposition:

Pete, а sixth-form pupil, is our best chess player.

9) it is often used in the sense of every:

The students have two English lessons а week. А child сап understand it.

А square has four sides.

1О) after adjectives preceded Ьу so and too:

lt is not so simple а question as it seems.

There was too difficult а рrоЬ/ет for the child to solve.

11) before MrjMrs/Miss + surnamewhen we referto an unfamiliar person:

There 's а Mr Smith waiting for you.

The Use of the lndefinite Article with Nouns in Set Expressions

at а speed of со скоростью

at а time when в то время когда

for а short (long) time в течение короткого (долгого) времени in а loud (low) voice громким (тихим) голосом

on а large (small) scale в большом (малом) масштабе

all of а sudden внезапно

in а hurry второпях

to Ье in а position быть в состоянии

to Ье at а loss быть в растерянности (недоумении)

it'sа pity жаль

as а resultof в результате

as а matter of fact фактически

to have а good time хорошо провести время

to have а mind to do something намереваться что-либо сделать

to have а look взглянуть

to have а headache испытывать головную боль

to take а seat сесть

to go for а walk пойти гулять

to have а cold быть простуженным

to fly into а passion прийти в бешенство

to fly into а fury (rage) прийти в ярость

to take а fancy to проникнуться симпатией

it'sа shame стыдно it'sа pleasure приятно

at а glance сразу, с первого взгляда to tell а lie говорить неправду

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9) before the names of nationalities in plural ending in -sh, -ch or -ese: the Eпglish, the Japaпese, the Dutch.

Other plural nationalities are used with or without the: (the) Russians, (the) Germans, (the) ltalians.

1О) before an individual representing the whole class:

The tiger is а fierce fighter.

11) before the names of four cardinal points and winds:

the пorth, the south, the west, the east, the пorth wiпd.

But when these words show direction, the is not needed:

The expeditioп moved пorth.

12)before geographical names of rivers, seas, groups of islands, oceans, canals, deserts, mountain ranges and the names or nouns with of:

the Thames, the North Sea, the Alps, the Pacific Осеап, the Suez Сапа/, the Sahara Desert, the Bahamas, the Tower of Lопdоп, the Statue of Liberty.

13) before the names of states wh ich contain either а preposition or the words Kingdom, States, RepuЫic:

the Uпited Кiпgdom of Great Britaiп апd Northern lre/aпd, the Uпited

States ofAmerica, the Уетеп Arab RepuЬ/ic.

Exceptions /

the Netherlands, the Argentine, the Hague, the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Congo, the Caucasus, the Transvaal.

14)before musical instruments, dances: the рiапо, the taпgo

15)before the words: statioп, shop, ciпema, pub, library, city, village etc.: She weпt to the statioп to see Peter off.

16)before the words: morniпg, afternooп, eveпiпg, пight:

1'11 Ье at home iп the eveпiпg.

17) before historical referencesjevents:

the Reпaissaпce, the Middle Ages, the Secoпd Wor/d War.

18)before adjectives used as plural nouns:

The rich сап't uпderstaпd the poor.

19)before titles: the Queeп, the Priпce. The is omitted before titles with proper

names: Qиееп Victoria.

20)before the nouns preceded Ьу sате and very: 1should like to read the sате story.

Не read the book to the very end.

21)before the words: оп/у, last, first (used as adjectives):

Не was the last person to соте.

22)after the expressions: one of, sоте of, тапу of, each of, тost of, а/1, both:

8oth of the girls won а prize.

Sоте of the children got а five for а test.

The Use of the Definite Article with Nouns in Set Expressions

the other day на днях

the day after tomorrow послезавтра

bythe dozen (hundred) дюжинами (сотнями) in the morning утром

in (during) the night ночью in the afternoon днем

in the evening вечером what'sthe time? который час?

the day before yesterday позавчера in (the) summer летом

in (the) winter зимой in (the) spring весной

in the country за городом

in the singular в единственном числе in the plural во множественном числе

in the past в прошлом

in the present в настоящее время

in the future в будущем

in the original в оригинале on the whole в целом

on the one hand с одной стороны

on the other hand с другой стороны

it'sout of the question об этом и речи быть не может to tell the time сказать, который час

to pass the time проводить время

to tell the truth говорить правду to break the record побить рекорд

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to ruп the risk подвергаться риску

to play the рiапо (the violiп, the harp) играть на пианино, скрипке, арфе

to take the trouЫe to do somethiпg потрудиться to keep the house

to keep the bed соблюдать постельный режим to Ье оп the safe side для верности

totake {seize) smb bythe shouldercxвaтить кого-либо за плечо

to pull smb Ьу the hair тащить кого-либо за волосы

8) before the names of natural substances:

We сап't live without oxygen.

9) before the names of sports and games:

Figure-skating is popular in this country.

1О) before the names of different kinds of arts:

The exhibltion of Dutch painting is open in the Hermitage.

11)before the names of continents:

Asia, Europe, South America.

12)before the names of countries and states:

Japan, France, Texas.

13) before the names of cities, towns, villages:

London is the Ьiggest city in Eng/and.

14)before the names of individual mountains, islands and lakes:

Everest, Ben Nevis, Easter lsland, Lake Michigan.

15)before the names of holidays:

Easter is а re/igious holiday.

16)before the names of planets and constellations:

Mars, Pluto.

17)before the names of streets, roads, squares, bridges, parks:

Red Square, Broadway, Piccadil/y Circus, Tower Bridge, Hyde Park.

18)before the words: bed, church, col/ege, court, hospital, prison, s.chool, university, when we refer to the purpose for which they exist:

19)before the words: pubs, restaurants, shops, banks and hotels, which have the nате of their founder and end in -s or- 's:

L/oyds Bank, John's shop.

20)before the names of airports, stations and universities where the first word is usually the name of а person or place:

Cambridge University, Victoria Station, Kennedy Airport.

21)before the words: home, fatherjmother when we talk about our own homejparents:

/'//ask Father about it.

22) before cardinal numerals:

Three and four is seven.

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25) before the word work (place ofwork) never takes the: She's at work.

Nouns Used in Set Expressions

without an Article

out of doors

to take to heart nринимать близко к сердцу at heart в глубине души

to take offence обижаться

to give (to get, to ask) permission дать (получить, попросить) разрешение to lose heart терять мужество

from time to time время от времени from morning till night с утра до вечера from day to day со дня на день

from shop to shop из магазина в магазин

from head to foot с головы до ног

from beginning to end с начала до конца

at first sight с первого взгляда

at sunrise

atsunsetнaзaкaтe at work за работой

at night ночью

athomeдoмa at реасе в мире

Ьу post (airmail) по почте (воздушной почтой) Ьу heart наизусть

Ьу паmе по имени

Ьу order of по приказу кого-либо Ьу meaпs of посредством

to

to go to towп поехать в город to go to bed ложиться спать to Ье iп bed лежать в постели

to go to sea

for hours часами

for ages целую вечность iп time во время

iп deЬt в долгу

iп demaпd пользоваться спросом

оп demaпd по требованию iп sight в поле зрения

iп fact в действительности iп coпclusioп в заключение

оп deck на палубе

оп board the ship на борту судна

оп credit в кредит оп sale в продаже

dауаftеrdауденьзаднем day and nightднeм и ночью

to Ье at hospital быть в больнице to Ье in church быть в церкви

to Ье at prison быть в тюрьме

to put to prison посадить в тюрьму to make use of использовать

to рау attention to обратить внимание

to set fire to поджечь

to shake hands with поздороваться to take care of заботиться

IY'fEXERCISES

Exercise 1

Insert а or an if пecessary.

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