utevskaya_n_l_english_grammar_book_version_2_0

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ThePartsofSpeech

А word is the smallest uпit of speech that сап express а thought. The differeпt kiпds of words used iп any laпguage are called the parts of speech.

There are eleven maiп parts of speech iп the Eпglish laпguage.

The поuп is а part of speech which denotes things (а tаЬ!е, а book), liviпg beiпgs (а girl, а Ьоу), materials (air, gold), qualities (kindness, strengt/1), processes (conversation, writing), abstract пotioпs(beauty, love, реасе) апd states(sleep, consciousness).

Nouпs сап Ье divided ir1to simple поuпs, derived пouns and compouпd

поuпs.

Simple поuпs coпsist of опlу опе stem: dog, chair, room.

Derived поuпs are composed of опе stem апd prefixes or suffixes: disarmament, uneasiness, inequality, freedom, cruelty, friendship, visitor, brotherhood etc.

Compouпd поuпs coпsist of at least two stems.

There are а great many compouпd nouпs in Eпglish such as: newspaper, seaman,

Ь/иеЬе/1, forget-me-not, passer-by etc.

The main noun forming suffixes are:

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14. 1am going to paper my bedroom. 15. The Ьоу wore а paper hat. 16. Did you read the paper this morniпg?

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Moscow. 3. I iron my clothes with an iron. 4. The iron bars were covered with rust. 5. Iron is heavy. 6. Let те drive as quick as possiЬ!e. 7. We had а long drive in а motor-car. 8. Your hat waпts а brush. 9. I brush ту hair with а hair-brush. 10. Не headed the movemeпt. 11. Не has а good l1ead. 12. Не is а forward Ьоу for his age. 13. Не has promised to forward your letters. 14. Paper the walls with white paper. 15. Light the lamp. \6. The lamp gives а poor light. 17. You have got wet paint оп the back ofyour coat. 18. Now let's paint.

Exercise 111

Form nouns from the given words with the help ofsuffixes -erand -or.

Model 1 to buy q buyer; to direct q director

То inspect, to inveпt, to produce, to sell, to teach, to supply, to traпslate, to visit, to work, to write, to iпterpret, to lead, to sail, to drive, to ride.

Exercise IV

Form пouns from the giveп words with the help of suffixes: -ment, -ance, -ence, -dom, -hood, -ness, -ist, -ion, -tion.

Model 1 to develop q developmeпt; important q importaпce

То agree, dark, free, differeпt, child, wise, to govern, kiпd, to improve, resistaпt, neighbour, to move, material, scieпce, to collect, to dictate, to produce, weak.

Exercise V

Give words opposite iп meaпing to the following; use пegative preflxes: dis-, ш1-, in-. Model 1 honesty q dishonesty

аroom where we dress

аroom where we dine

аbath wl1ere we can swim

аlamp for reading

Kinds of Nouns

The main kinds of nouns are:

1)proper nouns;

2)common nouns.

Proper Nouns

Proper nouns are individual names given to separate persons and things (personal names, geographical names etc): Ann, Peter, London, Moscow, September, Tuesday.

Proper names are always written with а capitalletter.

Common Nouns

Аcommon noun denotes not one person or thing, but is common to all persons and things of the same kind: girl, book, house,

Common nouns are divided into: а) class nouns,

Ь) collective nouns, с) mass nouns,

d) abstract nouns.

Class Nouns

Class nouns denote persons or things of the same class: book, тап, dog, engineer, doctor.

Class nouns are countaЬies for they сап Ье counted. Therefore they have two numbers: the singular and the plural.

Col/ective Nouns

Collective nouns denote а number of individuals or things considered as one completewhole: nation, army, cattle, machinery.

Collective nouns fall under the following groups:

а} nouns used only in the singular and denoting а number of things considered as one object: machinery, people, crowd;

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Ь) nouns which are singular in form but have plural meaning: people, po/ice, cattle;

с) group nouns that refer to а group of people. They may Ье both singular and plural depending on whether we see the group as а whole or as individuals.

Such nouns are: army, audience, crew, crowd, family, press, puЬ/ic, teametc.

Note. The plural form peoples means nations.

Mass Nouns

Mass nouns denote different kinds of material: соа/, iron, gold, mifk, coffee, tea, honeyetc.

These nouns may Ье used in plural number to denote different sorts ofthat material:

Different kinds of coals are excavated in Siberia.

Mass пouns сап'tЬе couпted, апd therefore they are called uncouпtaЫe поuпs.

Abstract Nouns

Abstract поuпs deпote some quality, actioп or idea: kindness, friendship, /iberty, love, know/edge, freedom, sorrow, courage etc.

Abstract nouпs may become class поuпs wheп used with the article. Then they сап Ье used iп the plural пumber too:

beauty- а beautybeauties

The girl is а beauty.

coal - а coal - coals

Соа/ is mainly composed of carbon. А coal fe/1 out of the fire.

iron - an iron - irons

/гоп is heavy.

1have bought а new iron.

Мапу uпcountaЫe nouпs can Ье made соuпtаЫе Ьу means of partitives:

Аpiece of cake/informationjadvicejfurniture; ajar of jam; а glassjbottle of water;

аtiп of beans; а piпt of milk; а Ьох of chocolates; а packet of Ьiscuitsjtea; а slicej

loafof bread; а potofyoghurt; а potjcup oftea; а kilo of meat; а bottle ofvinegar; а tube of toothpaste; а bar of chocolatejsoap; а Ьit/piece of chalk; an ice cube; а lump of sugar; а sheet of paper; а bag of flour; а pair of trousers; а game of soccer; а(n) item jpiece of news; а dropjcaп of oil; а сап of со/а; а carton of milk; а Ыосkof woodetc.

MEXERCISES

Exercise 1

Write (с) countaЬle or (u) uncountaЬle.

Exercise 11

Write the countaЬle and uncouпtaЬle nouns into two columns.

Air, aviation, hair, bread, darkпess, water, glass (стекло), glass (стакан), iron (железо), iroп (утюг), happiness, hero, sand, music, friend, frieпdship, coffee, coin, mопеу, ink, watch, tree, ice, lюrse, speed, umbrella, butter, cow, heat, chalk, armchair, saпd, idea, ship, meat.

Exercise 111

State whether the пouns in bold type are соuпtаЬ\е or uncountaЬle. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The Ьох is made ofiron. 2. А red-hot iron pressed her haпd. 3. Не saw а ligltt in one wiпdow on the grouпd floor. 4. The mооп gave good light though it was low in the sky. 5. The boys stood on the bank throwiпg stones into the river.

6.Wheпl think ofthis my heart turns to stone. 7. Her hair has gone quite grey.

8.Among the guests 1saw а man with hardly а hair on 11is head. 9. 1 prefer fish for supper. 10. All the water rushed out апd the reeds were full offishes. 11. The doctor says that the patient is past danger. 12. Old seamen like to talk about past dangers at sea. 13. The Crimea is famous for its wines. 14. Wine is made of grapes. 15. Ice is frozen water. 16. Ices are made of cream, sugar and eggs.

Exercise IV

State whether the nouns in bold type are proper or common. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Ву the time tl1e clock on the tower struck midnight the streets ofthe city were almost deserted. 2. The group of ancient fortified buildings, called the Tower, is of the greatest historical 3. The picture we spoke about is in the

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Ways of lndicating Gender

There are usually three ways of showing the gender of different nouns.

с) Ьу adding а word denoting gender (after or before): cock-sparrow- hen-sparrow

grandfathergrandmother tom-cat- tabby-cat

he-bear- she-bear

man-servant- maid-servant billy-goat- nanny-goat male-child- female-child pea-cock- pea-hen

boy-friend- girl-friend

man-student- woman-student man-teacher- woman-teacher etc.

ln poetry or in folklore many things are often personified and considered as being either masculine or feminine:

The Sun, time, day, death, names ofrivers, mountains are masculine;

The Moon, the Earth, night, nature, names ofcountries, names ofvesse/s (ship, boat, steamer, ice-breakeretc), namesofvehicles(car, carriage, coach), abstract nouns(beauty, реасе, wisdom) arefeminine.

Number

English nouns have two numbers: the singular and the plural. А noun that names only one thing is in the singular number. А noun that names more than one thing is in the plural number.

Proper, material and abstract nouns, unless used as common nouns, have no plural.

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ln а few cases both -fs and -ves are possiЫe: scarfscarfsjscarves

dwarfdwarfsjdwarves hoof - hoofsjhooves

g) bychanging the rootvowel:

manmen; womanwomen; toothteeth; footfeet; goosegeese; mousemice; louse -lice

h) Ьу adding -en or -ren:

ох- oxen; childchildren

i)Nouns ending in -th after а long vowel or а diphthong have [oz] in the plural:

baths [ba:oz]; paths lpa:oz]; oaths [;)uoz]

Exceptions /

youths [ju:es]; Ьirths [Ьз:еs]

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