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Group поuпs сап take either а siпgular or а plural verb depeпdiпg оп whether we see the group as а whole or as iпdividuals. Such group поuпs are: army, audieпce, c/ass, committee, сатрапу, crew, crowd, family, couпcil, club, jury, headquat1ers, governmeпt, puЬ/ic, team etc.

With expressioпs of duratioп, distaпce or mопеу meaпiпg "аwhole amouпt"

we use а siпgular verb.

Теп miles is а loпg way to ride. Two weeks isп't /опg to wait.

4.Names, iпdicatiпg пumber, such as: pair, coup/e, dozeп, score, stoпe (мера

веса: 14 англ. фунтов= 6,35 кг) апd head have the same form for both the

7.siпgular апd plural wheп they are preceded Ьу а пumeral: two dozeп of

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haпdkerchiefs, five pair of shoes, опе thousaпd head of cattle.

But wheп they are поt preceded Ьу а numeral they take the usual plural form: to go iп pairs, dozeпs oftimes.

5.Nationality nouns ending in -ese, -ss have the same form in the singular and in the plural:

Chiпese, Japaпese, Pot1uguese, Swiss.

We met а Japaпese. We met тапуJapaпese оп our holiday.

The Plural of the Compound Nouns

Compound nouns form their plural Ьу adding -sj-es:

1} to the second nouп if the compound consists of two nouns: pocket-knife- pocket-knives; tooth-brush- tooth-brushes;

2)to the noun if the compound consists of an adjective and а noun: flying рап -flying pans; walking stickwalking sticks;

3)to the first noun if the compound consists of two nouns connected Ьу а preposition or to the noun if the compound has only one noun: mother-in-law- mothers-in-law; passer-by- passers-by;

4)at the end of the compound if it does not include any nouns: forget-me-not- forget-me-nots; grown-up- grown-ups.

The Plural of Abbreviations

МР (Memberof Parliament)- MPs ['em'pi:z] MD (Doctor of Medicine)- MDs ['em' di:z] Со (Company)- Cos [kэuz]

The plural of abbreviations is sometimes formed in spelling ЬуdouЫing а letter: Ms (manuscript)- MSS

р. (page)- РР

Mr (Mister)- Messrs ['mesэz]

20

[Ъrеопn] (members ofthe same society)

The Plural of Foreign Words

А number of foreign (particularly Latin and Greek) nouns have their original plural endings.

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

-is[1s]

q

-es[i:z]

-us

q

-i [aJ]

analysis

-

analyses

 

 

-ora [;:}f;:}], -ега [эrd]

 

 

axis

-

axes

focus

-

foci

basis

-

bases

radius

-

radii

crisis

-

crises

nucleus

-

nuclei

diagnosis

-

diagnoses

genus

-

genera

thesis

-

theses

corpus

-

corpora

-оп, -um

q

[d]

q

-ае [i:]

formula

-

formulae

phenomenon

-

phenomena

antenna

-

antennae

criterion

-

criteria

corona

-

coronae

datum

-

data

- ех, -ix

q

-ices [aiSiz]

stratum

-

strata

 

maximum

-

maxima

index

-

indices

minimum

-

minima

appendix

-

appendices

Some foreign nouns may have two plural forms: the English plural and the original foreign one:

memorandum <

memoranda

memorandums

curriculum

<

curricula

curriculums

 

formula

<

formulae

formulas

 

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Nouns with Two Plurals, Each with а Different Meaning

Some nouns have two plurals used with some difference of meaning:

brother 1) brothers (sons ofthe same mother)

2) brethren

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cloth

1)

cloth ( kinds of cloth)

 

2)

clothes ( artic/es of dress)

penny

1) pennies(coins)

 

2)

репсе (amount ofpennies in va/ue)

staff

1)

staff ( military staffs, staffs ofan institution)

[sta:f]

2)

staves ( sticks)

genius

1) geniuses ( men of talent)

['d,)i:nj<)s]

2)

genii ['<trnrar](spirits)

index

1) indexes (tаЬ/е ofcontents)

 

2)

indices ['rndrsi:z](mathematica/terms)

Nouns Having One Meaning in the Singular and Another in the Plural

compass ( magnetic instrument) - compasses ( mathematica/ instruments) beef ( meat) - beeves ( live animals)

custom ( haЬit)- customs ( import duties) colour(tint)- colours(f/ag)

force ( strength) - forces ( troops)

spectacle ( sight) - spectacles ( eyeglasses) work ( action)- works (plants, factories) pain(ache)- pains(effort)

damage ( injury)- damages ( compensation for injury) quarter (fourth part)- quarters (lodgings)

paper ( matiиia/)- papers ( documents)

scale ( proportion) - scales ( weighing machine) glass ( drinking vesse/)- glasses ( spectacles)

1 rYfEXERCISES

Exercise 1

Give the plural ofthe following пouns.

1)man, womaп, tooth, foot, mouse, goose, child;

2)fly, city, toy, key, fox, watch, clock, bus, bush, thiet·, life, wolf, roof, shelf, сатраnу, country, valley;

3)fornшla, апtепnа, basis, crisis, phenomenoп, пucleus, series, datum, index, apparatus, medium;

4)fellow-student, passer-by, brother-in-Iaw, merry-go-round, man-of-war, room-mate.

22

Exercise 11

Give the plural ofthe following nouns.

1)hero, piano, calf, proof, chief, stitch, bat\1, Negro, belief, berry, faшily;

2)boot, ох, шouth, ship, deer, cheese, sheep, leaf;

3)corps, criterion, analysis, curriculuш, stratuш;

4)rоош-шаtе, fellow-worker, sister-in-law, woшan-doctor.

Exercise 111

Give the plural ofthe tollowing nouns.

class

death

language

fellow-student

house

cliff

toшato

story

tower

village

cl1ild

storey

judge

шonth

berry

brush

hope

hoot·

pie

stepшother

sea

truth

brush

Ьее

shoe

scarf

postшan

wife

pin

tooth

textbook

genius

Exercise IV

State the nuшber of the following nouns апd give the corresponding singнlar or plшal, if any.

Brethren, шemoraпda, antenna, шeans, scissors, school-inspector, pence, sanatoria, strata, fish, photo, axes, physics, cloth, coшшander-in-chief, works, forget-шe-not, swine, halves, staff, sleeves, grief, шiсе, species, contents, sledges, bнsiness, knowledge, feet, corps, phenoшena, clothes, bases, sheep,

inforшation, loнse, сору, oxen, shelves.

Exercise V

State the nшпЬеr of each nouп in bold type and say whether the noun has the

correspondiпg singular ol" plшal form.

1. What is the news? 2. These scissors are шаdе long ago. 3. Under the great oaks а flock ofsheep was feeding, and behind а steel fence а herd ofdeer. 4. The fruit is поt yet l"ipe. 5. She gave ше sоше good advice. 6. Му friend spends шuch money on education. 7. Не gave ше all the necessary information. 8. Her hair is dat"k. 9. These data are quite correct. 1О. Не took five or six fish out ofthe net. 11. А series of English classics has receпtly been puЬlished. 12. Optics is а bшnch of physics. 13. Sнch phenomena as we saw last nigl1t are rarely to Ье seen. 14. Several strange species of aniшals exist in Austt"alia. 15. The cattle wel"e driven hоше.

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24

Exercise Vl

Fill in the p1uralo

1wonder who decides what sort of 000000000000000000 (anima1) are kept in

(zoo)? You expect to see а 1ot of 000000000000000000 (monkey), 000000000000000000000 (rhino),

and ооооооооооооооооооо (lion), but you rare1y see ооооооооооооооооооо (ох),

(sheep), 0000000000000000000 (deer) or 0000000000000000000 (goose), probab1y because these сап Ье seen commoп1y eпough in the wi1do Each day 1arge 00 о о о о о О о о о о 000 0000 (delivery) offood arrive for 0000000000000000000 (beast) to eato Not expensive items like 00000000000000000000 (sa1moп) or Оооооооооооооооооооо (trout), but ordinary thiпgs 1ike

оооооооооооооооооооо (potato) and ооооооооооооооооооооо (tomato) - a1t1юugh the

ооооооооооооооооооооо (panda) 1ike оооооооооооооооооооо (bamboo)o The whole fami1y,

Оооооооооооооооооооо (man), 00000000000000000000 (womaп) and 00000000000000000000 (chi1d) can take о о 0000 000 00 0000 о 0000 (photo) or make 00000 о 000 000 00 о 00000 (video) of them eatiпg with their ооооооооооооооооооооо (paw) and 000000000000000000000 (tooth), siпce anima1s do поt use 000000000000000000000 (knife) and ооооооооооооооооооооо (fork) to eato

Exercise Vll

State the number ofthe поuпs iп bo1d type and give the correspoпding singu1ar or p1ura1, if anyo

10 The doctor to1d me поt to read without eyeglasseso 20 Не remembered Pete апd his brethreno 30 Once she got an offer, but the wages were on1y fourteeп shilliпgs а weeko 40 Do you ski?- Used too But 1 haveп't any skis поwо 50 You did not witness any of these phenomena yourse1f, did you? 60 One of the air hostesses was making а couпt ofheadso 70 There was hard1y а white hair on her heado 80 А wire fence ran all around to keep our rabblts and deero 90 Не wa1ked out ofthe room апd towards the stairso 100 She was опе ofthose actresses who were quite sure of themse1ves from the first rehearsalo 110 Three mouthfuls of soup convinced him that he cou1d поt eato 120 The sheep were si1eпt; the оп1у souпd iп the darkness was from the streamo

Exercise Vlll

Chaпge the пumber of the nouпs iп bo1d type making all the necessary changeso

10 The ох drove а cart of hayo 20 Her hair was soft and cur1yo 30 А very strange phenomenon was observed Ьу astroпomers yesterdayo 40 She gave а dog а fisho 50 Не showed те а photo of his couпtry houseo 60 That gir1 had а pet sheepo 70 The roof of the house is made of s1ateo 80 The fox sto1e а goose from the farmyardo 90 11ost the key to the cupboardo 100 The huпter got а prize for killing

аwolfo llo The child was Ьitter1y crying over the broken toyo 120 At the festival there was а Swiss, а German, а Frenchman and otherso 130 1was presented with

аdozen handkerchiefso 140 The scout brought some va1uable informationo

150 The Ьоу must have two teeth pulled outo

j

Exercise IX

Change the nouns in bo1d type into the singu1ar and make other necessary changes.

1. Iп this shop the gir1s bought two pair ofvery good scissors. 2. Му mother put two loaves ofbread on the taЬle. 3. We saw Ьlack sheep in the fie1d. 4. Deer are grazing in the valley. 5. In the 1ibrary we saw 1ong shelves witl1 books. 6. The wolves have been shot. 7. The leaves ofthe flower were dark-green. 8. The mice were caught.

9.The keys to the boxes were 1ost. 10. These factories produce furniture.

11.Women and children came to the shore. 12. Where are the knives? 13. Some copies ofthe coпtract were sent to the factory. 14. Put these boxes on the shelves.

Exercise Х

Trans1ate iпto English.

1. Мне нужен ваш совет в этом вопросе. 2. Многие из этих советов нам

очень пригодились. 3. Все сведения были очень важные. 4. Мы получили такие же сведения. 5. Эти деньги не мои. 6. Сколько у тебя денег?- У меня мало денег; их не хватит на покупку приемника. 7. Его знания в этой обла­ сти поразили нас. 8. Ваших знаний недостаточно, чтобы выполнить эту работу. 9. Его работы в области физики широко известны. 1О. Какая инте­ ресная работа! 11. Какие вы нам принесли новости? 12. Эти новости уже всем известны. 13. Какая дождливая погода! 14. В детстве её волосы были

совсем светлые; теперь они потемнели. 15. Я могу рассказать вам об очень интересных явлениях, которые наблюдались нашими учеными.

Exercise Xl

Translate iпto English.

1. Фрукты в нашем саду уже созрели. 2. Мне очень нравятся эти часы. Где вы их купили? 3. Волосы растут быстрее в детстве. 4. Какая приятная

новость: к нам приезжают друзья, которых мы давно ждали. 5. Каково

содержание этой книги? 6. Знания, приобретенные в молодом возрасте,

остаются в памяти на долгие годы. 7. Деньги держат в бумажнике или

кошельке. 8. Когда мы спим, наша одежда обычно лежит на стуле около кровати. 9. Какие из этих овец будут посланы на выставку? 10. Рыбаки

были довольны: они поймали много рыбы. 11. Мои попутчики были ве­ селые и интересные люди. 12. Возьмите эти ножницы, они острые.

13. Мальчик вырос, и брюки стали ему коротки. 14. В коробке было

шесть пар чулок. 15. Его одежда совсем новая.

Exercise Xll

Translate into English.

1. Фрукты и овощи полезны для здоровья. 2. Молодой специалист все­

гда следовал советам своих друзей. 3. Ваш брат делает большие успехи в

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учебе. 4. Я могу рассказать вам очень интересную новость. 5. Купите для

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детей две пары перчаток и две дюжины шерстяных носков. 6. Какая ваша

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заработная плата? 7. В этом лесу водятся олени. 8. Не знаю, насколько

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важны эти сведения. 9. Это очень трудная, но интересная работа.

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~10. Твои часы неправильно идут. 11. Я не мог войти в сад, так как ворота

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были закрыты. 12. Товар только что прибыл. 13. Содержание его письма

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было совсем неожиданным. 14. Кому принадлежат эти деньги? 15. Какого

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цвета у нее волосы? J6. Это твои деньги, не так ли?

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Case

English nouns have two cases:

1)the common case with no ending: father, Ьоу, sister;

2)the possessive casewhich is marked bythe apostrophe s( 's):father's, sister's; fathers', sisters'.

The possessive case usually shows possession. ln the singular it has ending -'s. lt is pronounced [s] after voiceless consonants: the student's book; and [z] after voiced consonants and vowels: the dog 's taif, the boy's сар. ln the plural it is formed

Ьу -(e)s': the boys' caps, the horses' hoofs.

When а proper noun ends in -s, -ss, -х, only apostrophe is added, and the ending is pronounced [rz]: Burns' ['Ьз:nzrz] poems, Dickens' ['drkrnzrz]nove/s. Sometimes- 's is added, the pronounciation remains [rz]: Burns'spoems, Dickens's novels.

ln compound nouns the ending 's is added to the final word: the editor-in-chief's office, туmother-in-1aw's garden.

Nouns denoting inanimate objects and sometimes abstract notions form the idea of the possessive case Ьу the of + noun phrase: The roof of the house was brown. She asked а glass of water.

The Use of the Possessive Case

1.As а rule, the possessive case is used with nouns denoting persons and animals: John 's idea, the swal/ow's nest.

2.ln the following instances the possessive case may Ье used with names denoting inanimate objects.

а. With nouns denoting time and distance, such as: minute, moment, hour, day, week, month, year, inch, foot, mile and adverbs: today, yesterdayetc: today'snewspaper;а month'sabsence;aweek'stime;amile'sdistance; а night'srest; а few minutes'silence.

26

Ь. Often with the nouns town, city, country, гivег, wateг, ocean, woг/d, life: the country's сатрs, the wateг's edge, the town 's stгeets.

с. With the nouns ship, boat, саг: the ship 'sсгеw.

d.With nouns denoting planets sun, тооп, eaгth: the sun 'sгауs, the earth 's life.

е. With the names of newspapers and nouns denoting different kinds of

organizations: the Tгibune 'sго/е, the governтent's policy.

f. With some inanimate nouns in а few set expressions: atdeath's dоог(при

смерти); at агт's length (на расстоянии вытянутой руки); fог огdег's sake (порядка ради); at а stone's thгow (в двух шагах); at one's fingeгs end (до крайности); fог pity's sake (умоляю вас); а pin's head (ушко иглы) etc.

There are some cases when the noun in the possessive case is not followed Ьу the head noun and then it stands for the whole noun phrase. lt is used:

1)to avoid repetition: Оиг house is betteг than Магу's.

2)after the preposition ofif there is an attribute before the noun modified Ьуthe of-phrase: an o/d fгiend of ту тotheг's, that cousin of ту husband's;

3)to denote places where business is conducted such as: at the butcheг's,

at the bakeг's, at the gгocer's, at the cheтist's or institutions, where the

possessive is usually а saint'sname: St Paul's (Cathedral), St Jaтes's (Palace), or places of residence: at Тiтothy's, at ту uncie's, at oid Jolyon's.

5(EXERCISES

Exercise 1

Use the nouns in bold type in the possessive case.

1. The room of ту friend. 2. А meeting of workers. 3. The novels of Dickens (2 variants). 4. The rights ofwomen. 5. The poems ofByron. 6. The flat ofmy brother-in-Iaw. 7. The interval ofthree hours. 8. The rights of ajudge. 9. Rights ofjudges. 10. А book which belongs to James. 11. Coats for men. 12. А coat for а man. 13. The hammei" of а worker.

Exercise 11

Replace the of-phrases Ьу the noun in the possessive case.

1. The new club ofthe workers. 2. The poems ofLermontov. 3. The clothes of the boys. 4. The streets ofthe town. 5. The plays ofShakespeare. 6. The voice of his sister. 7. The orders ofthe Commaпder-in-Chief. 8. The pages ofthe book.

9.The watch of my friend Peter. 10. The Ьirthday of my daughter Helen.

11.Tl1e parents of аН the other boys. 12. The boats of the fishermen. 13. The

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opinion of the 1awyer. 14. The house of ту father-in-Iaw. 15. The rights of woтen. 16. The fathers of Peter and 1ohn. 17. The роетs of Byron a11d Shelly.

Exercise 111

~Replace the of-phrases Ьу the notш in the possessive case where possiЬle.

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1. 1spe11t а fort11ight in the house оfту sister. 2. Never shall 1forget those words

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of ту father. 3. We cou1d 11ot tear our eyes off the hands of the pianist. 4. The

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girl was 11icely dressed for the сеrето11у ofthe eve11i11g. 5. Не did 110t want to

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hurt the feelings of the gir1. 6. The river was at а dista11ce of а тile a11d а half

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froт the сатр. 7. The supper of the chi1drel1 is ready. 8. The house of ту

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7.

daughter-i11-1aw is withi11 а stone's throw froт here. 9. There was а great

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variety ofbooks for childre11 011 display. 1О. There was а spot of ink 011 the taЬle

 

c1oth. 11. We visited the village of Mikhailovskoye where Pushkin, the great

 

poet ofRussia, lived in exile. 12. Не told те ofthe retur11 ofhis brother Mike.

 

13. Will you joi11 the excursio11 of today? 14. Before 1 cou1d say а word, the

 

sou11d of carriage wheels was heard.

 

Exercise IV

 

Put the apostrophe, сотте11t upo11 use of the possessive case and translate into

 

Russia11.

 

1. These are Pнshki11s роетs. 2. For politeness sake stay а little lo11ger. 3. Goats

 

тi\k contai11s тоге fat than cows тilk. 4. Dickeпs пovels are true to life.

 

5. Аnп has gone to the butchers. 6. Kate is Peters frieпd. 7. А lot ofladies and

 

gentleтens shoes are оп sale. 8. Му youпger bюthers wife is а singer. 9. It is

 

todays \iteгature that we are studyiпg. 10. We kept hiт at arтs length. 11. What

 

kind of girl was Тотs wife? 12. 1 we11t to the chemists with the doctors

 

prescription. 13. Many Scotts novels are very roтantic. 14. Four sl1eeps heads

 

appeared above the hedge.

 

Exercise V

 

Put s, 5, or s'i11stead ofthe hyphens \vhere 11ecessary.

 

1. This is а пеw adition of Pushkiп_ роет_. 2. That rnaп was Pete_ and

 

Магу_ old teacher_ ofтusic. 3. Those were Nick_ and Kate_ pareпt_. 4. We

 

spe11t а week_ holiday iп Britain. 5. We spent а two week_ holiday witl1 the

 

Petrov_. 6. The book is пeither Johп_ nor Неlеп_. 7. f-ather took sоте mo11ey

 

froт his pocket and gave it to ту youпger brother_. 9. Esenin_life was short

 

but bright. 1О. Tchaikovsky_ house in Kliп is now а тuseuт. 11. The wall_ in

 

the huпter_ club were decorated with тountaiп goat_ and wild deer_ horп_.

 

12. А great many тusiciaп_ took part in the competition. 13. Мапу times he

 

rewrote sоте of his 11ovel_ chapter_ before puЬ\ishi11g them. 14. His eyes

 

narrowed like а cat_.

28

Exercise Vl

Use ~ or s 'where it is possiЬie.

1.the exercise-books ofthe pupils

2.а voyage of а month

3.the Ьirthday ofher son

4.the days ofthe week

5.work ofthree years

6.theatres of Moscow

7.the decision ofthe governmeпt

8.the crew ofthe ship

9.the best museums of our city

1О. the clothes ofthe girls

11.the windows of thc room

12.the success of tl1e сотрапу

Exercise Vll

Translate iпto Eпg1ish.

1. Вы знаете телефон Петра? 2. У вас есть карта Европы'? 3. Рабочий день моего брата начинается в 9 часов утра. 4. Вы знаете мнение вашего учи­ теля? 5. Муж моей сестры уехал в Москву. 6. Они сообщили нам о при­ бытии такси. 7. Учащиеся выполнили советы учителя. 8. Я еще не знаю решения директора. 9. Мы еще не получили ответы покупателей. 10. Се­ стра моего мужа работает в школе. 11. Давай зайдем в кондитерскую.

12. Он все ещ~ у твоей матери.

Exercise Vlll

Traпs1ate into Eng1ish.

1. Лагерь туристов был расположен на берегу реки. 2. Они пошли в отдел детской обуви. 3. Чье предложение вы поддерживаетедиректо­ ра или главного инженера? 4. Как зовут сестру вашего друга? 5. У него

не было своего велосипеда, он брал велосипед у соседа. 6. Ее глаза были

такие же красивые, как у ее матери. 7. Мы с братом купили башмаки в одно и то же время. Мои уже износились, а у брата совсем еще новые.

8. В санатории nосле обеда необходимо отдыхать в течение часа. 9. Мне­

ния разошлись. Одни предлагали встречать Новый год у Петровых, а другие- у Никитиных. 1О. По дороге домой мы куnили большой букет розлюбимые uветы моей матери. 11. Население Лондона составляет более восьми миллионов. 12. Портрет жены Рембрантаодин из ше­

девров художника.

z

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о

z

i.J.J

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