Wilkinson. Essential Neurology 2005

270

atlanto-axial subluxation 93

bovine spongiform

atrial fibrillation 28

encephalopathy 233

atrial myxoma 28

bowel function in paraplegia 92,

atypical facial pain 220, 222, 266

94

aura

brachial neuritis 145

in epilepsy 197, 198

brachial plexus lesions 144–5

in migraine 214

bradykinesia in Parkinson’s

auto-antibodies 164

disease 15, 70, 135

axillary nerve palsy 147

brain

azathioprine

anatomy 41

in multiple sclerosis 108

arteries 26, 27

in myasthenia gravis 166

arteriovenous malformations

32

baclofen 94

intracranial compartments 40,

bacterial endocarditis 28

41

bacterial infections 240–1, 243–4,

localization of function within

246–7, 249, 254, 267–8

28

balance disorders 126, 127–8

lymphoma 53

barbiturates, effects on balance

metastases to 49, 51, 53

128

primary injury 56, 57, 59

basal ganglia 3

secondary injury 56, 57, 58, 59

anatomy and function 5

tumour 40–54, 203, 213, 232

infarcts 73

brainstem 40

lesions 15, 135

ischaemia/infarction 127, 128

and speech 135

lesions 10

basilar artery 26

primary injury 56

ischaemia 29

tumour 47

Becker’s muscular dystrophy 168

brainstem death 188–9

behaviour, inappropriate 229

breast feeding and anticonvulsant

Bell’s palsy 124–5, 136, 261

therapy 209

bends 93

breathing problems 13

benign intracranial hypertension

Broca’s area 226, 227

49

bromocriptine 72

benign paroxysmal positional

bronchial carcinoma 21

vertigo 127, 128, 136, 261

Brown–Séquard syndrome 9, 86,

berry aneurysm 32

87

beta-blockers

BSE 233

in benign sex headache 217

bulbar palsy 130, 131, 134–5

in migraine 215

in motor neurone disease 132,

beta-interferon in multiple

156, 157

sclerosis 108

bulbar weakness 156

BIH 49

biopsy, brain tumour 51

cabergoline 72

bitemporal hemianopia 48, 112,

caeruloplasmin 76

113

Campylobacter enteritis 163

blackouts 176–83

capsaicin in post-herpetic

bladder function

neuralgia 220

abnormalities 10

carbamazepine 206, 207, 219

in paraplegia 92, 94

cardiac arrhythmia 176, 178, 182,

blepharospasm 75

202

body weight in paraplegia 94–5

carotid arteries 26

botulinum toxin therapy 75

dissection 26–7, 28, 221

INDEX

271

clonus in upper motor neurone

coxsackie viruses 243

and median nerve palsy 151

lesions 8

cranial nerve disorders 111–36

peripheral neuropathy 146,

Clostridium tetani 247

creatine kinase 168, 172

162

clozapine 72, 73

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 77,

and small vessel disease 27

clumsiness 17, 18

232–3

diabetic amyotrophy 162

cochleo-vestibular nerve 126–8

CT scan

diabetic lumbosacral radiculo-

codeine 216

brain tumour 50

plexopathy 162

cold sores 239

cerebral abscess 240

diagnosis 20

coma

cerebral ischaemia/infarction

diazepam

causes 185–6

25, 30

in febrile convulsions 205

in epilepsy 194

cerebral haemorrhage 37

in status epilepticus 208

Glasgow Coma Scale 58, 59,

head injury 60, 61

differential diagnosis 20

184–5, 186

subarachnoid haemorrhage 36

diplopia 13

and hypoglycaemia 179

cytomegalovirus infection 249

dissociated sensory loss 9

investigation and management

donepezil 72–3, 230, 236

187

dantrolene 94

dopamine 69

mechanisms 186

deafness 126

dopamine agonists 71, 72

prognosis 188

and acoustic neuroma 49

dorsal root ganglion 6, 84

common peroneal nerve palsy

common causes 127–8

dressing dyspraxia 229

12, 23, 148, 152

death, brainstem 188–9

driving

case history 154, 261

deep palmar branch of ulnar

and blackouts 182

communication 20

nerve palsy 147

and epilepsy 208

compensation following head

déjà vu 197, 264

and paraplegia 95

injury 65

delirium 224

Duchenne dystrophy 168

computed tomography see CT scan

dementia 224

dura 84, 85

COMT inhibitors 71, 72

assessment 229

dysarthria 16, 29, 79, 133–5

confusion 224

causes 230–4

in bulbar palsy 131

coning 42, 43, 45

features 228

in multiple sclerosis 104

due to lumbar puncture 44

investigation 234–5

in myasthenia gravis 13

in primary brain injury 56, 57

with Lewy bodies 69–70, 77,

scanning/staccato 135

consciousness 175

231, 237, 266–7

spastic 134

in raised intracranial pressure

management 236

dyscalculia 29

45

multi-infarct 231

dysdiadochokinesia 16, 79

see also unconsciousness

in Parkinson’s disease 69–70

dysgraphia 29

contraction myotonia 169

vascular 231

dyskinesia

copaxone 108

demyelination

levodopa-induced 72

coprolalia 76

in multiple sclerosis 100–1,

tardive 75

co-proxamol 216

103, 128

dyslexia 29

corneal reflex 122

and paraplegia 93

dysphagia 13, 29

corpus callosum 40, 41, 42

and peripheral neuropathy

in bulbar palsy 131

tumour 47

158, 159

in multiple sclerosis 104

corpus striatum 69, 71, 73

depression

dysphasia 29, 226–7, 229

cortical thrombophlebitis 28

in Parkinson’s disease 69, 70

dysphonia 131

corticosteroids

and tension headache 214

dystonia 74, 202

in cluster headache 216

dermatomes 88, 89

axial 76

in dermatomyositis/

dermatomyositis 171

focal 75

polymyositis 171

developmental dyspraxia 225

generalized 76

in giant cell arteritis 218

dexamethasone 52

segmental 76

in multiple sclerosis 108

diabetes mellitus

dystrophin 168

in myasthenia gravis 166

and atheroma 28

myopathy associated with

facial palsy in 125

ECG 181

high-dose therapy 171

and hypoglycaemia 179

ECHO viruses 243

INDEX

273

in meningitis 219

hyperventilation 176, 178, 182

Korsakoff’s psychosis 233, 234

non-neurological causes 221

hypnogogic hallucinations 183

kyphoscoliosis 96

in raised intracranial pressure

hypoglossal nerve 130–5

45, 217, 222, 266

hypoglycaemia 176, 179, 182

labyrinthitis, acute 128

in subdural haematoma 218

hypotension, in head injury 56,

lamotrigine 206, 207, 219

tension 214, 222, 265

57, 58, 59

lancinating pain 219

heart attack 28

hypothalamic tumour 47

lateral corticospinal tract 83, 84

heart disease 28

hypothyroidism 79, 234

lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh,

heel–knee–shin ataxia 16

hypotonia 79

entrapment 148, 153

hemianaesthesia 8, 114

hypoxia 176, 179

lateral medulla, infarction 132

in intracerebral haemorrhage

in head injury 56, 57, 58, 59

lateral rectus muscle 118

33, 35

lateral spinothalamic tract 84

hemiballismus 74

illness, elements of 19

lateral ventricles 40, 41

hemichorea 74

immunization 250

learning disability 225

hemiparesis/hemiplegia 114

immunocompromised patients,

Leber’s hereditary optic

contralateral 8

CNS infection in 249

neuropathy 113

in intracerebral haemorrhage

infection 238–54

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome 200

33, 35

diagnosis 250

leprosy 146, 247

ipsilateral 9

following head injury 56, 57,

leptospirosis 244

hereditary motor and sensory

58, 59

levator palpebrae superioris 118

neuropathy 162

opportunistic 249

levetiracetam 206

herpes simplex 239

prophylaxis 250

levodopa in Parkinson’s disease

encephalitis 243

inferior oblique muscle 118

71–2

herpes zoster 123, 125, 143, 220,

inferior rectus muscle 118

Lewy bodies 69–70, 77, 230–1,

239

intellectual function, testing 229

237, 266–7

highly active anti-retroviral

intermittent claudication, cauda

L’Hermitte’s symptom 259

therapy 250

equina 143

limb girdle syndrome 170

history-taking 2–3

internal capsule 7

Listeria monocytogenes 249

HIV–AIDS

internal carotid arteries 26

liver flap 77

case history 54, 256

occlusion 29, 31

long thoracic nerve palsy 147

and dementia 233

internuclear ophthalmoplegia

lorazepam in status epilepticus

and localized infection 241

104, 117

208

meningo-encephalitis in 243

intervertebral disc

low intracranial pressure 217,

neurological problems 245

degenerative disease 221

222, 266

HMSN 162

prolapse 12, 23, 138–43

lower limb

Holmes–Adie syndrome 121

protrusion 85

champagne bottle legs 162

homonymous hemianopia 8, 29,

intervertebral facet joint 85

peripheral nerve palsies 12, 23,

112, 114

intervertebral foramen 85

148, 152

case history 136, 261

intracerebral haemorrhage 25,

peripheral neuropathy 160

in intracerebral haemorrhage

32–3, 35, 37

segmental nerve supply 142

33, 35

case history 38, 255

lower motor neurones 3

Horner’s syndrome 120, 216

intracranial haematoma 56, 57,

anatomy and function 4

Huntington’s disease 74, 75, 232

58, 59

lesions 11–12

hydrocephalus 35, 232, 244

intracranial haemorrhage 25, 28,

in motor neurone disease 11,

hyperacusis 124

32–8

156, 157

hyperlipidaemia 28, 231

in speech 133, 134–5

hypertension 27, 28

Japanese encephalitis 243

lumbar puncture

benign intracranial 49

jaw-jerk 122

contraindications 50, 187, 240

and intracerebral haemorrhage

JC virus 246

headache following 217

37

risks 44

and vascular dementia 231

Kayser–Fleischer ring 76

in subarachnoid haemorrhage

hyperthyroidism 171

Kernig’s sign 244

36

274

lumbar spondylosis 143

mitoxantrone in multiple sclerosis

lumbosacral plexus lesions 144

108

lumbosacral radiculo-plexopathy,

mitral valve disease 28

diabetic 162

MND see motor neurone disease

Lyme disease 125, 244

monocular blindness 112, 113

lymphoma, brain 53

monoparesis

contralateral 8

magnetic resonance imaging see

ipsilateral 9

MRI

motor cortex 7

malignant hyperpyrexia 170–1

motor dysphasia 227

MAO-B inhibitors 71, 72

motor end plate 164

marche à petits pas 31, 231

motor neurone disease (MND)

medial rectus muscle 118

155, 156–7

median nerve palsy 147, 151

bulbar palsy in 132, 156, 157

medulla 40

and dementia 232

coning 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 56, 57

lower motor neurones 11, 156,

demyelination 104

157

lesions 10, 78

paraplegia in 93

Ménière’s disease 127, 128

and trinucleotide repeats 75

meningioma 48, 51, 53, 93, 112

upper motor neurones 156, 157

meningism 219

movement

meningitis 33, 207, 219

abnormalities 3

acute 242–4

involuntary 15, 74–7

bacterial 243–4

normal 67

cryptococcal 233

MRI

malignant 248

brain tumour 50

tuberculous 246, 254, 268

epilepsy 204

viral 243

focal epilepsy 197

meningococcal infection 244

intervertebral disc disease 143

meningo-encephalitis, acute

multiple sclerosis 106

242–4

paraplegia 93

meralgia paraesthetica 153

spinal extradural abscess 241

mesial temporal sclerosis 199

multifocal neuropathy 146, 162

metastatic tumour

multi-infarct dementia 31

brain 49, 51, 53

multiple sclerosis 22, 79, 99

spine 98, 144, 258–9

aetiology 107

methanol poisoning 113

case history 109, 260

methysergide 216

clinical expression 103–5, 113,

metoclopramide

128

movement disorder induced by

and dementia 232

75

diagnosis 106

parkinsonism induced by 73,

lesions 100–1

257–8

dissemination 102

micro-aneurysms 32

management 107–8

midbrain 40

paraplegia in 90, 91, 94

demyelination 104

tremor in 68

lesions 10, 78

multiple system atrophy 73

middle cerebral artery 26

muscle 3

ischaemia 29

biopsy 172, 173

middle ear infection 125

denervation 173

migraine 33, 113, 214–15, 217

incoordination 16

case history 222, 266

in myasthenia gravis 165

INDEX

275

obsessive–compulsive disorder in

Parkinson’s disease 22, 67, 69–70

post-concussion syndrome 63,

Gilles de la Tourette

dysarthria in 135

220

syndrome 76

features 15, 70

posterior cerebral arteries 26

obturator nerve palsy 148

management 71–3

ischaemia 29

occupation

tremor 15, 68, 70

occlusion 113, 114

and epilepsy 209

patient, response to symptoms

posterior column 84

and paraplegia 95

19

posterior dysphasia 227

occupational therapy, after stroke

percussion myotonia 169

posterior fossa 40

30

pergolide 72

tumour 79

oculogyric crisis 75

perimesencephalic haemorrhage

posterior interosseous nerve

olfactory nerve 112

36

palsy 147

ophthalmic artery

peripheral nervous system 137,

posterior tibial nerve palsy 148

ischaemia 29

158

post-herpetic neuralgia 143, 220

thrombo-embolism 113

lesions 146–53

post-infective syndromes 252–3

optic chiasm 112

peripheral neuropathy 155,

post-streptococcal syndromes

compression 113

158–60

253

tumour 47

case history 174, 261–2

post-traumatic amnesia 63

optic nerve

causes 161–3

post-traumatic encephalopathy

disorders 112–14

hereditary motor and sensory

63

in multiple sclerosis 100, 103,

162

postural hypotension 176, 177,

113

loss of sensation 18

182, 202

optic neuritis 103, 113, 136, 260

lower motor neurone weakness

posture

oral contraceptives, interaction

11

abnormalities 15

with anticonvulsant

and sensory ataxia 81

in Parkinson’s disease 15

therapy 206, 209

pes cavus 97

prednisolone 166

orbital mass lesions 121

phenobarbitone 206, 207, 208

pregnancy

osteoarthritis of the spine 139,

phenytoin 206, 207, 208

and Bell’s palsy 125

142, 143

photosensitivity 195, 208

carpal tunnel syndrome in 151

otitis media 221

physiotherapy

premipexole 72

oxygen therapy 216

after stroke 30

presenilin 230

in paraplegia 94

primary motor pathway 3

pain sensation 6

Pick’s disease 232

progressive multifocal

loss of 9

pituitary gland tumour 47, 48, 51,

leucoencephalopathy

Pancoast tumour 145

53, 113

246

panhypopituitarism 48

plantar responses

progressive muscular atrophy

panic attacks 203

absent 11

157

papillitis 103

extensor 8

progressive rubella

papilloedema 187

flexor 11

panencephalitis 246

in intracranial haemorrhage

plasma exchange in myasthenia

progressive supranuclear palsy

33, 34, 35

gravis 166

73

in raised intracranial pressure

pneumococcal infection 244

propantheline 166

45, 113

poliomyelitis 11, 239

proptosis 121

paradoxical embolism 28

polycythaemia 28

prostigmine 166

paralysis 3

polymyalgia rheumatica 218

pseudoathetosis 80

paraparesis 10

polymyositis 170, 171

pseudobulbar palsy 31, 134, 156,

paraphasias 227

polyneuropathy see peripheral

157

paraplegia 83–98

neuropathy

pseudodementia 226

in multiple sclerosis 105, 108

pons

psychogenic non-epileptic

Parinaud’s syndrome 116

demyelination 104

attacks/blackouts 180,

parkinsonism 69, 73

lesions 10, 37, 78

182, 202

case history 82, 257

position sense 6

ptosis 13, 119, 120

post-encephalitic 253

loss of 9, 17, 18, 80

punch-drunk state 63

INDEX

277

symptoms

topiramate 206, 216

mode of onset 2–3

torticollis 75

patients response to 19

touch sensation, loss of 17, 80–1

syphilis, tertiary 233, 248

toxoplasmosis 233, 241, 249

syringobulbia 97

transient global amnesia 183

syringomyelia 93, 96–7

transient ischaemic attack 27, 28,

176, 179, 182

tabes dorsalis 233, 248

trapezius muscle 129

taboparesis 233

trauma

tardive dyskinesia 75

brachial plexus 145

taste perception 130

paraplegia due to 90, 91, 93

alteration in 124

peripheral nerves 146

teeth, disorders 221

tremor 68–9

temperature sensation 6

and alcohol 69

loss of 9

classification 68

temporal arteritis (giant cell

dystonic 69

128

arteritis) 113, 218, 222,

familial essential 68, 69

104

266

intention 68, 79

temporo-mandibular joint,

kinetic 16, 68

arthritis 221

in multiple sclerosis 68

Tensilon test 165, 166

in Parkinson’s disease 15, 68,

tentorial herniation 42, 43

70

after head injury 56, 57

physiological 68, 69

in lumbar puncture 44

Trendelenburg weakness 14

in raised intracranial pressure

Treponema pallidum 248

45

tricyclic antidepressants

218

tentorial hiatus 40, 42

in atypical facial pain 220

103, 104,

tentorium cerebelli 40, 41

post-herpetic neuralgia 220

tetanus 247

trigeminal nerve 122–3

tetrabenazine, parkinsonism

trigeminal neuralgia 122, 136,

induced by 73

219, 222, 261, 266

tetraparesis 10

trinucleotide repeat 75, 169

tetraplegia 88

triptans 215, 216

thiazide diuretics 30–1

tuberculoma 241

thiopentone 208

tuberculous meningitis 246, 254,

third nerve palsy 119

268

third sensory neurone 6, 7

third ventricle 40, 41, 42

ulnar nerve palsy 147, 150, 154,

thrombo-embolic disease 26–7,

261

28, 113, 179

unconsciousness 175–90

thrombolytic therapy 30

upper limb

thymectomy 166

peripheral nerve palsies 147,

thymoma 165

149–51

thymus, in myasthenia gravis

peripheral neuropathy 160

165

segmental nerve supply 141

TIA 27, 28, 176, 179, 182

upper motor neurones 3

tics 76

anatomy and function 4, 7

tinnitus 126

lesions 8–10

tissue plasminogen activator 30

in motor neurone disease 156,

tizanidine 94

157

tobacco–alcohol amblyopia 113

in speech 133, 134

Todd’s paresis 198

uveitis 221

278

INDEX

in myasthenia gravis 13

Wernicke’s area 226, 227

Wilson’s disease 76

in primary muscle disease 14

Wernicke’s encephalopathy 233,

women and epilepsy 209

proximal 14

234

wrist drop 149

in upper motor neurone lesions

West Nile virus encephalitis 243

writer’s cramp 75

8, 9

wheelchair acceptance and skills

Weil’s disease 244

94–5