Grammar and Vocabulary Exercises

1. Look through the text and find sentences with Passive Voice. Translate them into Ukrainian.

2. Give three forms of the following verbs:

to do, to lay, to know, to write, to have, to be, to build, to arise.

3. Make the following sentences Passive:

1. The control system must also mediate the transfer of information.

2. The instructions executed by the control system occupy the lowest and most elementary level.

3. Recording the detailed instructions for controlling the computer in a coded form reduces the complexity of the control system.

4. A separate memory unit stores the sequence of paths in a program.

4. Write all the English tense forms of the Passive Voice:

1. Contemporary algebra is considered as a mixture of much that is very old and still important, e.g. counting and newer concepts such as structures.

2. The beginnings of the development of numbers are lost in prehistory.

3. Complex numbers are expressed in the form of a number-couple.

4. The sign “+” is used in modern algebra only for commutative systems.

5. Use the proper tense form (Infinitive, Continuous, Perfect or Perfect Continuous) in the sentences. Make them Passive:

1. The scientists express this number as a terminating decimal (by the end of the last century; in future; since the birth of modern civilization; usually; nowadays; for a long time; if necessary; in this particular problem).

2. Axiomatic inquiry brings forth new concepts in algebra (still; from the outset; in 1873, eventually; this year; already; next decade).

6. Define meanings of the following words by their affixes, state what part of speech they indicate:

electricity – electrical; inform – information; process – processing; add – adder; complete – completely; permanent – permanently; circuit – circuitry; essence – essential; complex – complexity; record – recording; general – generally; program – programming; miniature – miniaturization; person – personal.

7. Look through the text and give Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:

a fundamental issue; to steer the electrical signals; signals must be routed; adder; mediate; the transfer of information; hard-wired; circuitry; sequence of paths; to be embodied in a program; incorporate into the processor; distinguish; conceive; advent; implement; adopt; successor; realm; semiconductor; “mainframe” system; avoid confusion; firmware; routing of information.

8. Look through the text and give English equivalents for the following words and word-combination:

вбудовані програми; проектування; управляти; назначати тракт (передачі інформації); суматор; схеми; гнучкий; суттєвий; зменшувати; втілювати; бути відповідальним за; розрізнити; набір; осягати; наступник; мікросхема пам’яті; проміжний; прихід; застосування.

9. Compose sentences with the words and word-combinations from Ex. 8.

10. Study the text and complete these sentences:

1. The control system must also mediate the transfer of information between ... .

2. In one approach the control system is completely “hard-wired”, that is, … .

3. The control instructions are responsible for ... .

4. Evolutionary successor of the minicomputer, the microcomputer, is … .

5. It has opened up new realms of ... .

6. In recent years a good deal of confusion has arisen about the meaning of … .

7. It must be emphasized that microprogramming a computer is not the same as … .

8. In most modern computers the routing of information is controlled at the lowest level by … .