2. Text 2b

THE CUNARD LINE SHIPPING COMPANY

The name of the British ship-owner Cunard was well-known to everybody in the XIXth century. Being a smart operator, he opened a scheduled mail service between Liverpool and Halifax, having three wooden paddleboats of 400 horsepower capacity and of 1162 tons displacement.

In 8 years the number of the company’s vessels increased by four ships, having a capacity of 650 horsepower and 1820 tons displacement. And 2 years later two more vessels, excelling their forerunners in power and tonnage, were added. In 1853 Cunard Line Company resumed its right of priority for urgent mail shipping and gradually associated in its fleet such new vessels as “Arabia”, “Persia”, “China”, “Scotland”, “Java” and “Russia”. All those ships were notable for their high speed and were inferior only to the “Great Eastern” in their size. In 1867 the company owned 12 vessels, 8 of them being set in motion by paddles and 4 by propellers.

The significance of the company was great; it became world-famous due to its preciseness in operation. No other transoceanic line had been so well-handled; no other business had been such a success! In the course of 26 years the Cunard Line vessels had crossed the Atlantic Ocean for 2000 times and no trip was abolished; no schedule was broken; no letter, person or ship were lost during their voyages!

As it can be traced from the official reviews of that time, most passengers preferred Cunard Line to all other shipping companies, in spite of powerful competition from the side of France and the USA. Only in the early 1900’s, with the transoceanic liners’ era approaching, the Company yielded to the times and gradually lost its significance, having become the subject of history.

Ex. 13. Abstract the text in short (8-10 sentences).

Ex. 14. Read and translate the text:

Text 2c

SHORT-DISTANCE VESSELS

A

lthough the airplane has largely replaced the ocean liner for transoceanic travel, vessels for carrying passengers on short distances over water have become increasingly important. Such short-distance vessels include car ferries, hydrofoils, and air cushion vehicles.

Car ferries have carried automobiles, passengers, and even railroad Pic. 7. A River Hydrofoil

passenger cars across harbors, lakes, rivers, and other small bodies of water for many years. Like cargo ships, ferries have become bigger and big­ger. Today, the biggest ones cross such large bodies of water as the Adriatic and Baltic seas and the English Channel. The largest car ferries can hold up to 800 pas­sengers and 360 cars. They have dining rooms, lounges, and bars. Some ferries make overnight runs and have cabins for most passengers.

Hydrofoils provide high-speed transportation over relatively short distances.

These vessels are mounted on foils (wings that skim near the surface of the water). The hull remains completely out of the water, greatly reduc­ing the drag caused by water resistance. Hydrofoils can reach speeds greater

Pic. 8.

An Air Cushion Vehicle

than 80 knots. These vessels have carried passengers across New York Harbor, on the Nile River of Egypt, across the Strait of Messina in Italy, and over other bodies of water in many parts of the world.

Air cushion vehicles also provide fast trips for short distances. Such vehicles are also called hovercraft or ground effect machines. Air cushion vehicles have a powerful horizontal fan that produces a strong, continu­ous thrust of air between the vehicle and the water or ground beneath it. The craft, which is driven by air­plane-style propellers, rides on this cushion of air and can do almost 70 knots. Some are able to exceed speeds of 95. These are normally called flarecraft. Air cushion vehicles are espe­cially popular in Great Britain, where they have carried passengers on the River Thames, along the coasts, and cars and passengers across the English Channel from Dover to Calais in France. This service ceased in 2002 when the Chunnel took over the fast transit of cross-channel traffic.

Though the commercial success of hovercrafts has suffered from rapid rises in fuel prices following conflict in the Middle East, there is an increasing number of small homebuilt and kit-built vehicles used for fun and racing purposes, mainly on inland lakes and rivers and also in marshy areas and in some estuaries. In spite of alternative over-water vehicles such as wave piercing catamarans, which use less fuel and can perform most of the hovercraft’s marine tasks, they are still being developed in the world for both civil and military purposes.

Ex. 15. Answer the questions:

1. What do short-distance vessels include? 2. What for car ferries are used? 3. How much weight can the largest car ferries hold up? 4. What is the hydrofoil? 5. How can you define the term “a foil”? 6. What is the working principle of the air cushion vehicle? 7. What is the difference between the hovercraft and the flarecraft? 8. Where are the hovercrafts widely used now? 9. Which vessel is more rapid, a hydrofoil or an air cushion one? 10. What can you say concerning the alternative over-water vehicles?

Ex. 16. Explain why:

1. vessels for carrying passengers on short distances over water have become increasingly important;

2. in the case of the hydrofoil the drag caused by water resistance is greatly reduc­ed;

3. the hovercraft service across the English Channel ceased in 2002;

4. the commercial success of hovercrafts has suffered

Ex. 17. Develop the idea:

1. Car ferries have become bigger and more comfortable.

2. Hydrofoils are one of the best means of high-speed transportation over relatively short distances.

3. Air cushion vehicles provide fast trips for short distances.

4. Hovercrafts are still being developed in the world for both civil and military purposes.

Ex. 18. Make up a short summary of the text.

Ex. 19. Describe the peculiarities of the ocean liner hull architecture, using picture 2.

Ex. 20. Speak on the topic: “Passenger Vessels”