Text 1c
CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS
A great variety of ships may be classified into two main groups (table 2):
a. civil ships;
b. war ships.
All they may be classified according to the following features:
a) place of navigation;
b) hull material;
c) propulsion system;
d) propulsion.
According to the place of navigation ships may be divided into:
1. ocean and sea-going ships,
2. river and lake ships and
3. coasters.
According to the hull material ships may be: wooden, steel, reinforced, from aluminum alloys, plastic and compound.
Referring to propulsion system ships are divided into two groups:
1. non-propelling ships,
2. self-propelled ships.
The first group, for instance, comprises barges, sailors. The second is represented by a) steamships; b) motorships (equipped with internal combustion engine); c) electric propulsion ships and d) nuclear propulsion ships.
According to propulsion ships are divided into floating, gliding, hydrofoil craft and hovercraft (air-cushion ships).
A: Classification of Civil Ships (table 1):
According to the destination of ships they are classified into:
1. transport ships:
1) passenger ships,
2) cargo-carries, ore freighters:
a) lumber-carries, ore-carries, bulk carries, colliers.
b) tankers;
3) cargo-passenger ships and ferries.
2. Fishing ships
1) trawlers, seiners, drift net vessels,
2) whale factories.
3. Technical ships (Dredgers, dredge boat, floating cranes, floating docks, etc.)
4. Service ships (Tugs, pusher tugs, ice breakers, etc.)
5. Salvage ships (Rescue ships).
6. Research ships.
7. Training ships.
8. Sport ships (yacht, launch, boat canoe).
Table 1: Civil and War Ships
B: Classification of War Ships (table 1):
Warships are, first of all, classified according to their position relatively to water surface while moving: underwater and above-water vessels. Further classification can be realized from the point of view of military tasks, type of navigation mode and ships’ armament.
Underwater vessels cover submarines of all types. They include Missile (Ballistic or Guided) Submarines, All-purpose (or Multi-purpose) Submarines and specialized underwater vessels, namely: Submarine Tenders, Auxiliary and Research Submarines, Deep Submergence Vehicle, Diving Tender, Submarine Rescue Ship, Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle and Fleet Diving Support Ship.
According to the engine-type all the submarines are divided into nuclear-powered and conventionally-powered (diesel) ones.
Above-water vessels include
· Linear (Battle-) Ships;
· Cruisers (gun and missile ones);
· Carriers (for aircraft and helicopters);
· Frigates (also equipped with guided missiles and helicopters);
· Destroyers (guided missile vessels, as well);
· Crafts (gun, missile and torpedo ones);
· Mine Sweeper (Countermeasure, Layer and Hunter) Ships;
· Assault (Landing) Ships (including mechanized, amphibious and air cushion craft);
· Specialized and auxiliary vessels (tenders, degaussing ships, ammunition ships, stores and replenishment ships, tankers, floating docks, icebreakers, research and instrumentation ships, communication ships, tugs, floating hospitals, lighters (barges), training, support, light, salvage and repairing ships, barracks craft, etc.).
Patrol ships can be represented in any class of above-mentioned ships.
Some large vessels, such as Multi-purpose Aircraft Carriers and Guided Missile Cruisers are nuclear-powered.
Table 2: Different ways of ship classification
Ex. 17. Match the words. Pay attention to the pronunciation the ships:
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1. steamships 2. ore freighters 3. bulk carriers 4. collier 5. ferries 6. trawlers 7. whale factories 8. dredgers 9. floating cranes 10. tug 11. pusher tug 12. floating docks 13. ice breaker 14. missile submarine 15. deep submergence vehicle 16. cruiser 17. carrier 18. destroyer 19. mine sweeper |
a) плавучие краны b) траулеры c) ракетная субмарина d) буксир e) крейсер f) глубоководное судно g) плавучие доки h) перевозчик грузов i) минный тральщик j) буксир-толкач k) эскадренный миноносец l) землечерпательные судна для углубления дна m) пароходы n) ледокол o) паромы p) угольщик q) китобойное судно( флотилия) r) грузовое фрахтовое судно s) объёмное транспортное судно, грузоперевозчик |
Ex. 18. Complete the sentences:
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According to
Referring to |
place of navigation; hull material; propulsion system; propulsion; destination; position relatively to water surface; engine type |
may be / ships \
are |
classified into
divided into
considered to be |
- nuclear-powered and conventionally-power- ed (diesel) ones; - non-propelling and self-propelled ones; - underwater and above-water vessels; - transport, fishing, technical, service, salvage, research, tra-ining and sport ships; - wooden, steel, reinforced, plastic and compound ships; - ocean ships, river ships and coasters; - floating, gliding, hydro-foil craft and hover-craft ships. |
Ex. 19. Match the name of the ship with a proper type of vessels:
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a) transport ship b) fishing ship c) technical ship d) service ship e) rescue ship f) sport ship g) submarine h) war vehicle
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Ex. 20. Speak on the topic: “Classification of ships”.