1. Synonyms:

dispatch original

reduce connect

advantage perform

transverse cross-section send

entire guarantee

contraction minimize

ensure whole

do virtue

initial longitudinal cross-section

join setting

2. Antonyms:

increase contract

rigid speed up

join reduce

assemble soft

retard divide

extend dissemble

Ex. 14. Answer the questions:

1. What is the principal problem for all kinds of vessels?

2. What do the stresses (to which the hull of a vessel is subjected) depend on?

3. How many and what main parts does the hull consist of?

4. What is the designation of the bridge?

5. What is the main designation of subdivision members of the ship?

6. What structural members is the hull composed of?

7. What can guarantee the rigidity stability and permanent depth of hull?

8. What does the building up the hull of a ship start with when the “pyramid” method is used?

9. What reduces the total hull deformation in the case of such method?

10. What is the position of the bottom section of the first pyramid to the horizontal axis?

11. Why is extension of the working front in the first stage limited?

12. Can the ”island” method of assembly conducive the further extension of the working front?

13. Are sections simultaneously or successively placed in position in this method?

14. What is the arduous point of building a hull by “island” method?

15. What method of construction permits to reduce the building cycle and welding deformation to a minimum?

16. Are the blocks in the block method assembled from sections with ready installation works or is the installation work done simultaneously when butt- assembled?

17) What makes easier the butt-assembly of the blocks in such method?

Ex. 15. Say, whether the following statements are true or false:

1. The prefabricated bottom- section is the beginning of building up the hull with the section in the subsequent pyramid butt-assembled to it.

2. The first pyramid is comparatively short.

3. The hull in the pyramid method is assembled and welded forward and astern from the central (bottom) section, and to the sides and upwards.

4. The disadvantage of the pyramid method is that the initial shape of the hull is developed in breadth and depth, but formation in length is slower.

5. By using the” island” method sections are simultaneously placed in position at the stern, midship and bow zones.

6. The advantage of building a hull by the ”island” method lies in joining the islands together.

7. The block method of hull construction possesses the virtue to minimize the building berth assembly cycle and welding deformation.

8. The blocks are assembled from preliminarily produced sections with completed installation works.

9. The finished blocks are delivered to the building berth where they are butt- assembled; the installation work in places of butt joints is already completed.

10) The principal disadvantage of the block method is that the hull assembly period and shipbuilding cycle is shorter.

Ex. 16. Insert the proper words in the text:

(Block, stern, hull construction, consisted of, pyramid, bow, building berth, island)

The … method of … was introduced when assembly in large prefabricated sections was first being used; it is now widely for medium and large ships. For instance, the hull of the atomic icebreaker “Lenin”, which … 161 sections weighing up to 80 tons, was constructed on the … by such method (with certain priorities in assembling the stern sections); this meant that installation work in the machinery compartments could be performed at the same time as … and … assembly were been completed.

Ex. 17. Using the corresponding pictures from the text report on:

1. pyramid method;

2. “island” method;

3. block method.

Ex. 18. Read and translate the text: