- •Министерство Финансов Российской Федерации
- •Утверждено и рекомендовано решением
- •(Протокол № )
- •Предисловие.
- •Unit 1. What are taxes?
- •What are taxes?
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar Revision
- •Unit 2. Progressive and regressive taxes
- •Progressive and regressive taxes
- •Vocabulary
- •In the text find the English equivlents to the following Russian collocations.
- •Unit 3. A history of taxation.
- •A history of taxation.
- •Vocabulary
- •In the text find the answers to the following questions.
- •In the text find the English equivalents to the following Russian collocations.
- •Unit 4. The tax history of great britain.
- •The tax history of great britain.
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 5. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •Colonial Times
- •The Post Revolutionary Era
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 6. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •World War I and 1920’s
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 7. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The social security tax
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 8. Income tax
- •Income tax
- •Unit 9. Personal taxation in the uk
- •Personal taxation in the uk
- •Vocabulary
- •Chart 1. Personal taxation
- •Unit 10. The flat tax
- •The flat tax
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 11. Corporate tax in great britain
- •Corporate tax in great britain
- •Unit 12. Corporate income tax Corporate taxation in the usa
- •Corporate income tax
- •Corporate tax rates
- •Defining income
- •Vocabulary
- •Chart 1. Marginal and average corporate tax rates, 1983
- •Verb Noun Adjective
- •Unit 13. (corporation) profit tax in russia
- •(Corporation) profit tax in russia
- •Unit 14. The vat
- •The vat
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 15. The vat in russia the vat in russia
- •Vocabulary
- •The vat-Invoice
- •Unit 16. The excise
- •The excise
- •For similar items, excise duties are the same for imported and domestically produced goods; if the tax is different, then there is an explicit or implicit customs duty.
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2. Answer the questions
- •Exercise 3. Guess the meaning of the word by its definition
- •Exercise 4. Render the text
- •Exercise 6 Translate from Russian into English
- •Unit 17. Taxation in canada
- •Practise reading the following words and collocation:
- •Taxation in canada
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 18. Taxation in the united kingdom
- •Taxation in the united kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 19. Taxation in germany
- •Taxation in germany
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 20. Taxation in the republic of ireland Exercise 1 Practise reading the following words and collocation:
- •Taxation in the republic of ireland
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Unit 21. Taxaion in the usa
- •Taxaion in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 22. How to avoid axation in the usa how to avoid axation in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 6. Discussion
- •Unit 23. The tax code of the russian federaton
- •Retrospectively, provision, procedure, authority, levy, circumstance, liability, audit, offence, administrative compliance, specify, authority, introduction .
- •Tax Code part II
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 7 Explain the following. Consult the text and vocabulary
- •Hierarchy of Norms
- •Vocabulary
- •The History of Taxation in Russia
- •Unit 24. The tax authorities of the rusian federation
- •Unit 25. Genral princiaples of taxation
- •Genral princiaples of taxation.
- •4.1 Efficiency or rationality.
- •4.2 Sufficiency.
- •4.3 Flexibility.
- •4.4 Neutrality.
- •Vocabulary
- •Оглавление
- •Пособие по английскому языку
Unit 22. How to avoid axation in the usa how to avoid axation in the usa
Exercise 1 Read the following aloud:
primary, investments, consequently, dividend, disincentive, substantial, statistics, subsidized, variety, multinational, laundering,
b) by permitting various methods, accelerated depreciation accounting, slightly regressive, medium-sized, national insurance, donations to charities,
c) to finance, can be designed to dissuade, to allow, to redistribute, to control, to be described as tax-deductible.
Exercise 2 Read the text and decide which paragraphs could be given the following headings.
......... Advantages and disadvantages of different tax systems
......... Avoiding tax on profits
......... Avoiding tax on salaries
......... The functions of taxation
A The primary function of taxation is, of course, to raise revenue to finance government expenditure, but taxes can also have other purposes. Indirect excise duties, for example, can be designed to dissuade people from smoking, drinking alcohol, and so on. Governments can also encourage capital investment by permitting various methods of accelerated depreciation accounting that allow companies to deduct more of the cost of investments from their profits, and consequently reduce their tax bills.
B There is always a lot of debate as to the fairness of tax systems. Business profits, for example, are generally taxed twice: companies pay tax on their profits (corporation tax in Britain, income tax in the USA), and shareholders pay income tax on dividends. Income taxes in most countries are progressive, and are one of the ways in which governments can redistribute wealth. The problem with progressive taxes is that the marginal rate - the tax people pay on any additional income - is always high, which is generally a disincentive to both working and investing. On the other hand, most sales taxes are slightly regressive, because poorer people need to spend a larger proportion of their income on consumption than the rich.
С The higher the tax rates, the more people are tempted to cheat, but there is a substantial 'black' or 'underground' economy nearly everywhere. In Italy, for example, self-employed people - whose income is more difficult to control than that of company employees - account for more than half of national income. Lots of people also have undeclared, part-time evening jobs (some people call this 'moonlighting') with small and medium-sized family firms, on which no one pays any tax or national insurance. At the end of 1986, the Director of the Italian National Institute of Statistics calculated the size of the underground economy, and added 16.7% to Italy's gross national product (GNP) figure, and then claimed that Italy had overtaken Britain to become the world's fifth largest economy.
D To reduce income tax liability, some employers give highly-paid employees lots of 'perks' (short for perquisites) instead of taxable money, such as company cars, free health insurance, and subsidized lunches. Legal ways of avoiding tax, such as these, are known as loopholes in tax laws. Life insurance policies, pension plans and other investments by which individuals can postpone the payment of tax, are known as tax shelters. Donations to charities that can be subtracted from the income on which tax is calculated are described as tax-deductible.
E Companies have a variety of ways of avoiding tax on profits. They can bring forward capital expenditure (on new factories, machines, and so on) so that at the end of the year all the profits have been used up; this is known as making a tax loss. Multinational companies often set up their head offices in countries such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, the Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas, where taxes are low; such countries are known as tax havens. Criminal organizations, meanwhile, tend to pass money through a series of companies in very complicated transactions in order to disguise its origin from tax inspectors - and the police; this is known as laundering money.