- •Министерство Финансов Российской Федерации
- •Утверждено и рекомендовано решением
- •(Протокол № )
- •Предисловие.
- •Unit 1. What are taxes?
- •What are taxes?
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar Revision
- •Unit 2. Progressive and regressive taxes
- •Progressive and regressive taxes
- •Vocabulary
- •In the text find the English equivlents to the following Russian collocations.
- •Unit 3. A history of taxation.
- •A history of taxation.
- •Vocabulary
- •In the text find the answers to the following questions.
- •In the text find the English equivalents to the following Russian collocations.
- •Unit 4. The tax history of great britain.
- •The tax history of great britain.
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 5. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •Colonial Times
- •The Post Revolutionary Era
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 6. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •World War I and 1920’s
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 7. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The social security tax
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 8. Income tax
- •Income tax
- •Unit 9. Personal taxation in the uk
- •Personal taxation in the uk
- •Vocabulary
- •Chart 1. Personal taxation
- •Unit 10. The flat tax
- •The flat tax
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 11. Corporate tax in great britain
- •Corporate tax in great britain
- •Unit 12. Corporate income tax Corporate taxation in the usa
- •Corporate income tax
- •Corporate tax rates
- •Defining income
- •Vocabulary
- •Chart 1. Marginal and average corporate tax rates, 1983
- •Verb Noun Adjective
- •Unit 13. (corporation) profit tax in russia
- •(Corporation) profit tax in russia
- •Unit 14. The vat
- •The vat
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 15. The vat in russia the vat in russia
- •Vocabulary
- •The vat-Invoice
- •Unit 16. The excise
- •The excise
- •For similar items, excise duties are the same for imported and domestically produced goods; if the tax is different, then there is an explicit or implicit customs duty.
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2. Answer the questions
- •Exercise 3. Guess the meaning of the word by its definition
- •Exercise 4. Render the text
- •Exercise 6 Translate from Russian into English
- •Unit 17. Taxation in canada
- •Practise reading the following words and collocation:
- •Taxation in canada
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 18. Taxation in the united kingdom
- •Taxation in the united kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 19. Taxation in germany
- •Taxation in germany
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 20. Taxation in the republic of ireland Exercise 1 Practise reading the following words and collocation:
- •Taxation in the republic of ireland
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Unit 21. Taxaion in the usa
- •Taxaion in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 22. How to avoid axation in the usa how to avoid axation in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 6. Discussion
- •Unit 23. The tax code of the russian federaton
- •Retrospectively, provision, procedure, authority, levy, circumstance, liability, audit, offence, administrative compliance, specify, authority, introduction .
- •Tax Code part II
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 7 Explain the following. Consult the text and vocabulary
- •Hierarchy of Norms
- •Vocabulary
- •The History of Taxation in Russia
- •Unit 24. The tax authorities of the rusian federation
- •Unit 25. Genral princiaples of taxation
- •Genral princiaples of taxation.
- •4.1 Efficiency or rationality.
- •4.2 Sufficiency.
- •4.3 Flexibility.
- •4.4 Neutrality.
- •Vocabulary
- •Оглавление
- •Пособие по английскому языку
Unit 1. What are taxes?
Exercise 1
Practice reading the following words and collocations.
a) expenditure, authority, specific, unrequited, individuals, budgetary, required, municipal, monetary, exemptions, redistribute, inequalities, involuntary, bound, failure, amount, imprisonment, merely, macroeconomic;
b) financial burdens, legal entities, mandatory levies, source of government revenue, sever penalties, national debt;
to be defined, to contribute towards, to be regularly imposed, to give effect, to be subject to, to be owed.
What are taxes?
People often say there are only two things a person can be safe of in life: death and taxes. What are taxes? Taxes are defined as financial burdens borne by individuals and legal entities according to their ability to contribute towards the expenditures of public authority without a specific compensation. Taxes are compulsory levies that are regularly imposed and, as a rule, not destined for a special purpose; they are regarded as a contribution to the State Budget from which most government expenditures are financed in the common interest of the society. Taxes differ from other mandatory levies in that they are unrequited – i.e., they are not paid in exchange for some specific services or any particular benefit but represent a general obligation of taxpayers. In other words, there is no relationship between the tax paid by the person and the benefits received as a result of public expenditure. In modern economies taxes are the most important source of government revenue.
Taxes are considered to have three functions:
fiscal or budgetary, to cover government expenditures, to provide the public authorities with the revenue required for meeting the cost of defence, social services, interest payments on the national debt, municipal services, etc.;
economic, to give effect to economic policy, to promote such general aims as full employment, monetary stability, to influence the stable satisfactory rate of economic growth of the nation, and also to influence the macroeconomic performance of the economy ( the government’s strategy for doing this is called its fiscal policy. To achieve this aim tax exemptions are used.);
social or redistribute, to increase the welfare of the community, to lessen
inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth by redistributing resources between individuals or classes of the population. Historically, the nobility were supported by taxes on the poor. Modern social security systems are intended to support the poor, the disabled or the retired by taxes on those who are still working.
Taxes are compulsory involuntary payments and every citizen of the country is legally bound to the tax imposed on him. Failure to pay taxes, or paying less than one owes, can lead to substantial penalties (besides just the tax owed). If the failure to pay or the payment of incorrectly low amount is deemed intentional, not merely a mistake, it is a crime subject to more sever penalties, including large fines and imprisonment.