UNIT
И CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
.
Прочитайте новые слова вслух, познакомьтесь
с их русскими эквивалентами. Определите
их значения в
данных
предложениях.
OUTSTANDING Lobachevsky
was an outstanding выдающийся
mathematician.
READILY I
readily agreed to his suggestion, легко
TO
EVOLVE He has evolved a new theory. развивать(ся)
BEAM Timber
beams were transported by балка
special
lorries.
TO
REACH The forest reaches as far as the river.
достигать;
простираться
BY
MEANS The load was lifted by means of a при
помощи,
посредством
crane.
ROPE They
tied him with a piece of rope.
веревка,
канат
TO
SUSPEND
подвешивать 1)
The lamp is suspended rather high.
приостанавливать 2)
The work was suspended for a
week.
9
rock
скала I)ln
в*
darkness the boat approached
the
rock.
горная
порода 2)
To build this tunnel we had to cut
through
the solid rock.
10.
TO LAY (LAID) He laid his coat over a chair,
класть,
положить
261Language material vocabulary
TEMPORARY The
workers Uvea in temporary временныйbuildings.
EXTREMELY It’s
extremely important to get this крайне,чрезвычайноinformation.
PI
LE The structure was built on piles, свая
BED Driving
piles into the bed of a river русло,дноis considered to be very hard
work.
BASIS There
is no scientific basis for these основа.■
iclaims.
TO
PREVENT Nothing could prevent him from doing предотвращать,мешатьhis duties.
PASSAGE They
went through a long passage and проходentered
the yard.
CIVIL Civil
engineering includes the гражданскийconstruction
of roads, railways,
bridges,
tunnels, canals, etc.
PROJECT The
new project has some -advantages проектover
the previous one.
TO
TAKE INTO CONSIDERA- A rapid growth of the population TION should
be taken into consideration приниматьвовниманиеwhen
planning a town.
LOCAL When
constructing a road it is cheaper местныйto
use local materials.
SUITABLE This
machine is suitable for loading подходящийand
unloading earth.
WIDTH The
width of the channel was not ширинаenough
for big ships.
DEPTH What
is the depth of this lake? глубина
TO
ERECT The monument to the scientist was строить,сооружатьerected in the centre
of the town.
TO
DISTRIBUTE Ten prizes were distributed to the распределять,раздаватьwinners.
RANGE
цепь(гор) 1) A range of mountains goes
through
the
whole continent from the north
to
the south.
пределы(колебаний,измене-
2) The temperature range in theний) experiment
was from 10 to 20
degrees
Centigrade.
262
TO
ACQUIRE One must work hard to acquire a good приобретать knowledge
of a foreign language.
CIRCULAR The
construction of a new circular круглый,
окружной road
which will link several districts
has
already started.
CROSS-SECTION The
cross-section of the tube has been поперечное
сечение measured*
TO
SUGGEST He suggested a good plan, предлагать 1
suggest leaving now/that we should
leave
now.
TO
AGREE I thought it was a good idea, but he соглашаться didn't
agree.
ACTUALLY A
moving car is actually acted upon фактически,
действительно by
various forces.
SCHEME According
to this scheme the channel схема,
план,
проект will
be deepened and widened.
LAYER The
devicc can be used for studying the слой upper
layers of the atmosphere.
TO
PENETRATE It was a reliable means of protection;
проникать radiation
could not penetrate it.
TO
SHARE They had shared troubles together and делить now
they were close friends.
SO
FAR So far no explanation of this До
сих
nop phenomenon
has been given.
2.
Работ» со словарем. I
Ipowrnftrc
предложения, определите исходную форму
выделенных слов и
часть
речи, к которой они относятся, и шАиигге
соответствующие значения этих слов в
словаре.
a)
I have по
doubt about it.
He
doubted
the
results of the experiment.
He
doubts
your
honesty.
a)
He is said to have published a paper that concerns drug abuse.
Everyone
was filled with concern when news came about the accident.
It
does not concern me.
a)
It’s dark here, be careful not to fall down.
A
heavy
fall of snow was expected.
The
fall of the regime occurred in 1986.
a)
They
hope to have your support.
Hard
rock
provides a strong support.
He
supports
a
big family.
a)
Mother wants to feel secure about her children's future,
By
strengthening tlie river banks, the city Nccurcd itself against
floods.
Is
this bridge secure?
a)
Having reached the river they stopped as it was unsafe to movo
further.
After
the discussion they carried on further research.
The
house was on the further side of the hill.
a)
There is a great demand for cars in many countries.
He
was stopped by a man who demanded his name and address.
He
demanded to be told everything.
a)
The two boats were linke&with an iron chain.
The
dog was chained to the tree.
They
saw a chain of mountains in the distance.
a)
They objected to our change in the plan.
There
were some strange objects in the comer.
He
always objects to being treated like a child.
a)
The ground was full of cracks after the hot dry summer.
Some
parts of the structure cracked.
Boiling
water will crack a glass.
a)
The engineer was asked to estimate the costs for the repair of the
building.
I
do not know enough about him to form an estimate of his abilities.
We
estimated that it would take three months to finish the work.
a)
I hoped he would mention my name too.
He
made no mention of the fact.
There
was no mention of Popov’s invention in the book.
Прочтите
следующие интернациональные слова
вслух с помощью транскрипции и,
основываясь на значениях соответствующих
слов русского языка, определите их
значения.
story
['sto:n] parallel ['расгэЫ]
progress
I'prougres] cable ('keiblj
communication
[ka,mju:ni'keijn] lift [lift] barrier [’baeria] peak [pi:k]
canyon
['kaeqjan] ventilate ['ventileit]
central
[’sentral] automobile щэшЯ
4.
Прочтите и переведите следующие
словосочетания на русский язык.
outstanding
invention to acquire experience
outstanding
writer circular cross-section
no
doubt about it to suggest a scheme
to
have no concern to agree to such a schedule
a
fallen tree actually different
to
evolve a theory to object to the condition
supporting
beam the layers of the soil
to
get no support . I numerous cracks
to
rope a box to penetrate rapidly
to
support a family to estimate the cost
to
lay bricks to share losses
to
be secure from danger so far unknown
to
secure freedom to mention the same fact
to
prevent an accident upper layer and lower layer
to
prevent war to reach the railway station in time
a
bridge pile by means of sputniks
to
drive piles to suspend research
the
fall of an apple to be readily calculated
civil
engineer temporary construction
a
number of projects extremely difficult
although
it was taken into consideration to deepen the bed of the river
local
transport the basis of the economy
a
suitable person a narrow passage
the
width and the depth of the river temperature range
to
erect buildings a demand for specialists
to
distribute books a gold chain
S.
Переведите следующие предложения на
русский язык, обращая внимание на слова
латинского и греческого происхождения,
имеющие сходное написание, но различные
значепия в английском и русском языках
(так называемые «ложные друзья
переводчика»).
ACCURATE
точный
(а
не
аккуратный)
ACTUAL
действительный (а не
актуальный)
CONCRETE
бетон
(а
не
только
конкретный)
Is
your watch accurate?
These
are his actual words.
The
house was built of steel and concrete.
Have
you got any concrete proposal?
265
CONTROL a)
He lost control of his.motor car and управление had
an accident.
(а
не
только
контроль) b)
1
lost
control of myself and hit him.
COPY a)
All copies of the magazine were экземпляр sold
out.
(а
не
только
копия) b)
I want to have a copy of my
document.
DATA His
data are quite reliable, данные
(а
«е дата)
FIGURE
J
a) 3, 5, 7 are figures, цифра b)
The girl has a nice figure.
(а
не
только
фигура)
FILM ’
a) There was a thin film on the пленка surface.
(а
не
только
фильм) b)
A new film is being shown in the dub.
MAGAZINE You
will find some interesting articles журнал in
this magazine.
(а
не
магазин)
OBJECT a)
What’s the object of your visit? цель b)
What’s that little black object?
(а
не
только
объект)
OPERATION a)
The operation of this machine is работа,
управление quite
easy.
(а
не
только
операция) b)
Only an operation will help him.
ORIGINAL a)
Some changes have been made in
первоначальный the
original design.
(а
не
только
оригинальный) b)
TTwas quite an original idea.
PRINCIPAL His
principal problem was lack of главный t*mc-
(а
не
принципиальный)
PROGRESSIVE a)
Progressive loss of sight in old age постепенный *s
inevitable,
(а
не
только
прогрессивный) b)
This is a progressive firm that uses
the
most modem systems.
RACE Boat-racing
is a popular sport at гонки,
быстрое
движение
(а
не Cambridge.
рейс)
266
16.
RECORD
a)
They were making a record of his
запись
(а
не
только
рекорд)
speech.
She
broke the record for long
17.
SOLID
твердый
distance
swimming.
Solid
water is called ice.
He
is a man of solid build
(а
не
только
солидный)
SQUARE
Squares
are studied in plane geometiy.
квадрат
(а не
сквер)
TANK
бак
(а
не
только
танк)
After
the accident they had to replace the fuel tank.
The
tank attack began at night.
Найдите
в словаре нужные значения выделенных
слов и переведите предложения на
русский язык. ;;
want
a room with two beds.
People
try to explore the ocean bed.
They
crossed a dry river bed.
The
machine rests on a bed of concrete.
They
shared the money equally between five men.
He
shared his dinner with a friend.
He
does more than his share of the work.
The
two children shared a room.
The
table was piled with books.
The
house was built on piles.
The
workers piled bricks on each other.
In
the middle of the room there was a pile carpet.
We
all have civil rights and civil duties.
Try
to be civil to her.
He
left army and entered civil life.
The
work of the conference was suspended.
The
water was not pure. There was some suspended matter in it.
The
child was fast asleep.
If
you take a fast train you can get there in two hours.
267
Решите
чайнворд.
The
course of a river or ground
surface on which a river is flowing. 2.
A
large room for meetings, dances* 8. A
passage
for a road through a
etc. mountain.
As
a rule concrete is made of ... 9. A mechanism for taking people up
materials. from one floor to another.
Thickness
of some material laid 10. A dozen.
over
a surface. 11. A number of players in a football
A
connected line of mountains. team.
To
build something.
WORD-BUILDING
а)
Найдите в каждом ряду существительное.
a)
recognize, b) precaution, с)
pave, d) promote
a)
tend, b) deepen, с)
density, d) destroy
a)
round, b) readings, c) raw, d) restore
a)
observe, b) operate, c) alone, d) observer
a)
capability, b) capable, c) cloudy, d) cut
a)
distant, b) directly, c) distance, d) due
a)
skilled, b) settlement, c) slowly, d) smooth
a)
backwardness, b) beat, c) backward, d) because
a)
convert, b) chiefly, c) connect, d) conversion
a)
merely, b) meaning, c) main, d) mean
a)
dependent, b) durable, c) depend, d) dependence
a)
reliable, b) replace, c) replacement, d) run
б) Найдите
в правой колонке слова, образованные
от слов в левой.
skill a)
steel, b) ship, с)
sail, d) skilled
avail a)
available, b) aircraft, c) arouse, d) above
recognize a)
replace, b) recognition, c) repair, d) restore
capable a)
charge, b) chiefly, c) capability, d) capacity
adopt a)
advantage, b) adoptive, c) advanced, d) alone
observe a)
opportunity, b) obtain, c) observer, d) weather
read a)
readings, b) order, c) region, d) remark
268
|
|
Многозначность глаголов shall, will, should, would | |
|
|
shall |
Shall I carry your bags for you?
You shall have the goods by next week. „ He shall regret it
I shall be twenty tomorrow. |
|
|
will |
She will be twenty tomorrow.
Will you sit down?
I will do it, I promise.
|
|
|
should |
We should be polite to each other.
You should better so now, or you’ll be late. |
|
|
would |
Would you give me your phone number?
|
|
|
I > £ |
ний) It would be nice to stay here longer. 3. будущее в прошедшем He said he would be here on time. |
|
|
|
4. регулярное действие в прошлом Не would sit for hours, doing nothing. |
shall
take my examination in June.
They
shall do what the chief tells them.
This
new car will be tested tomorrow.
Shall
I go on reading?
You
should do it by all means.
They
know that I should fly to London.
said
I would not change my plans.
She
said she would be at the Institute.
He
would sit for hours on the shore looking at the water.
You
should work harder if ypu want to pass your exam.
You
will have to take measures to prevent spring waters from
penetrating the foundation.
You
should acquire certain skill before beginning the work you are so
interested in.
Shall
I help you?
He
shall do it, 1*11 make him do it.
Won’t
you stay for dinner?
will
write as soon as I arrive in London.
It
would be useful to have juice instead of coffee but I like it so
much.
Would
you join us tomorrow? It would be nice.
Переведите
следующие предложения на русский язык,
обращая внимание на модальные
глаголы и их заменители.
Much
more complicated problems are to be solved.
They
will have to complete the experiment next month.
I
shall not be able to leave Moscow until we finish our calculations.
The
engineer was to make a report at the conference.
One
is to be very attentive when crossing the street.
A
machine can often do work which a man is unable of doing.
Children
under 16 are not allowed to see this film.
They
will have to try the method described in the article.
The
engineer could correct the program during the test of the engine.
The
material collected is to be sent to the laboratory for
examination.
You
might use all the new equipment for your experiments.
He
had to study the theory of interplanetary travel.
They
couldn’t discover any atmosphere on the planet.
270
|
Material |
Span |
Weight |
Load capacity |
Width |
Height |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
271
Ifl
Check
your answers with the teacher or your groupmates
Read
the transcript of the text on p. 436.
Look
up the words you do not
know
in your dictionary.
Do
you think that using paper as a material for bridge building has a
future? Give your reasons using the chart.
Topic.
The
city of beautiful bridges.
You
arc a guide in St. Petersburg. Tourists from the United States of
America ask you to show them the bridge which you consider to be the
most beautiful. They expect you to present information on:
the
name of the bridge;
when
it was constructed;
who
it was designed by;
the
construction materials which were used;
the
way it looks;
how
long, wide and high it is;
some
interesting facts conncctcd with this bridge;
X)
why you consider it to be the most beautiful.
Pairwork.
Think of some good questions for the following answers. The answers
needn’t be true.
By
means of computers. 6. No doubt
Extremely
talented. 7. Nowhere
I’m
afraid he’ll object to it. 8. It is suitable
don’t
agree with you. 9 Circular
Some
cracks in the structure. 10. In the rocky canyon.
Bridge
builders meet representatives of various design offices to choose
the best project for the bridge each of them is to build.
BUILDERS
(.1-5 students): You are responsible for building bridges in various
places:
a
road bridge across a sea strait which is 2000 m wide and about 50 m
deep;
a
viaduct for road traffic across a rocky canyon which is 750 m wide
and 100 m deep;
272
ORAL
PRACTICE
J
|
A tunnel |
A bridge |
|
For |
For |
|
per hour is higher than that of a tunnel. |
|
Against |
Against |
|
|
|
Discuss
the problem in groups of 3-5
students
in order to make a decision.
Fill
in the chart and give your reasons. |
Group 1 |
Group 2 |
Group .1 |
|
It’s better to construct a tunnel. |
|
|
|
|
It’s better to construct a bridge. |
|
|
|
273
READING
PRACTICE
я)
Travelling by cars or trains we meet obstacles — mountains or
rivers. Overcoming Ifo* obstacles has been one of the most
difficult tasks for dvil engineers. On p. 275 yoq win find pictures
Illustrating the text below. Read the text and rearrange the
pictures
according
to the contents of the text.
.
TEXT
11A
THE
HISTORY OF BRIDGE AND TUNNEL BUILDING
An
outstanding statesman once said in his speech, 'There can be little
doubt that in many ways the story of bridge-building is the story
of civilization. By it we can readily measure an important part of
a people’s progress.” Great rivers are important means of
communication, for in many parts of the world they have been, and
still are, the chief roads. But they are also barriers to
communication, and people have always been concerned with finding
ways to cross them.
For
hundreds of years men have built bridges over fast-flowing rivers
or deep and rocky canyons. Early man probably got the idea of a
bridge from a tree fallen across a stream. From this, at a later
stage, a bridge on a very simple bracket or cantilever principle
was evolved. Timber beams were embedded into the banks on each side
of the river with their.ends extending over the water. These made
simple supports for a central beam reaching across from one bracket
to the other. Bridges of this type are still used in Japan, and in
India. A simple bridge on the suspension principle was made by
early man by means of ropes, and is still used in countries such as
Tibet. Two parallel ropes suspended from rocks or trees on each
bank of the river, with a platform of woven mats laid across them,
made a secure crossing. Further ropes as handrails3
were added. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found
that the Incas of Peru used suspension bridges made of six strong
cables, four of which supported a platform and two served as rails.
All
these bridges made possible crossings only over narrow rivers. The
type of temporary floating bridge,4
the pontoon bridge, has been used for military purposes; military
engineers can construct a temporary bridge on this principle, able
to carry all tne heavy equipment of a modem army,in
an extremely short time.
The
idea of driving wooden piles into the bed of the river in order to
support a platform was put into practice 3,500 years ago. This is
the basis of me 'trestle* or pile bridge which makes it possible to
build a wider crossing easier for tne transport of animals and
goods.
With
the coming of the railway in the 19th century there was a great
demand for bridges, and the railways had capital for building them.
The
274
first
railway bridges were built of stone or brick. In many places long
lines of viaducts were buih to carry railways; for instance, there
are miles of brick viaducts supporting railways to London.
The
next important development in bridge-building was the use of iron
and, later, steel. The first iron bridge crossed the river Severn in
Great Britain.
The
idea of a drawbridge,6
a bridge hinged so that it can be lifted by chains from inside to
prevent passage, is an old one. Some St. Petersburg bridges were
built on this principle.
A
modem bridge probably demands greater skill from designer and
builder than any other civil engineering project. Many things should
be taken into consideration,, and these may vary widely according to
local conditions. In deciding what type of bridge is most suitable
the designer has to consider the type and weight of the traffic, and
width and depth of the gap to be bridged, the nature of the
foundations and the method of erecting the bridge. The designer has
to calculate carefully how the various loads would be distributed
and to decide which building materials are more suitable for
carrying these loads. .
Tunnels
Tunnelling
is difficult, expensive and dangerous engineering work. Tunnels are
buih to provide direct automobile or railway routes through
mountain ranges, under or over rivers. They can also provide
underground channels for water, sewage or oil. Before the 19th
century men had not acquired enough skill in engineering to carry
out extensive tunnelling. Tunnels, however, were known in ancient
times. They were, for instance, driven into the rock under the
Pyramids of Egypt, and the Romans buih one in Rome for their chief
drain, parts of which still remain. One of the earliest tunnels
known was made in Babylon. It passed under the Euphrates river, and
was built of arched brickwork being 12 feet high and 15 feet wide.
Other
ancient tunnels were built for water supply and for drainage.
Modem
tunnels are often very long and deep. The Simplon Tunnel on the
France-to-Italy railway, for example, is 12 miles long and in one
place the peaks of the Alps rise over 6,000 feet above it. Some
tunnels are over 50 feet in diameter. Many are circular in
cross-section. Others are horseshoe- shaped, with a level floor on
which it is easy to lay permanent roads and railways.
Tunnel
Under Channel
Connecting
the Isles of Great Britain to mainland Europe is a fantasy that can
be dated back nearly 200 years.
276
We
can name very few projects against which there existed a deeper and
nore powerful prejudice than the construction of a railway tunnel
between ^over and Calais.
The
objections have been cultural, political and, of course, military.
The British government objected to the scheme mainly because they
thought that he enemy could easily invade England through such a
tunnel.
The
first suggestion to construct a tunnel came from Napoleon in 1800.
tfis engineers even drafted a tunnel plan, but Britain and France
were at ,var at that time.
In
1988 the question of a Channel Tunnel was studied afresh by a group
of French and British engineers and the work actually began. They
agreed to start boring for the Eurotunnel on;both
English and French Coasts.
The
Tunnel runs under the sea through a layer of dense chalkwhich is
known to be free of cracks and allows water to penetrate it slowly.
The
work proceeded very quickly and was successfully completed in about
six years. The Tunnel was opened to traffic on May 7, 1994.
Two
main tunnels, with service tunnel between, carry one-way rail
traffic.
Original
estimate was 7.2 billion dollars at current exchange rates, but
cost to date is 13.1 billion dollars shared between Britain, France
and other investors. So far the project is not quite profitable and
still needs more investments.
Cars
and trucks carried by rail make the crossing in 35 minutes, about an
hour less than by ferry. Passengers remain in their vehicles.
The
Tunnel personnel does its best to make passengers feel comfortable
and safe during the crossing. But as it was mentioned by the
commercial director of the Tunnel, they still have many serious
problems and one of them is security. Nevertheless, the authorities
are sure to be able to solve all the problems successfully.
NOTES
TO THE TEXT
a
bridge
on я
bracket
or cantilever principle (— a bracket or cantilever bridge) -
КОНСОЛЬНЫЙ
мост
a
bridge on the
suspension principle (*» suspension bridge) —
висячий
(подвесной)
мост
1
handrails - поручни
a
floating bridge - понтонный
мост
s
a ‘trestle* or pile bridge — мост
на
рамных
основах
a
drawbridge - разводной
мост
Horseshoe-shaped
- подковообразный
?).
Find in the text the passage describing the things that should be
taken Into
consideration
when designing a modern bridge and translate it Into Russian.
277
Read
this passage aloud. (Approximate time of reading is 45 seconds.)
Find
in the text key words which you can use to speak about the history
of bridge building.
a)
Skim the text to understand what it is about Time your reading. It
is good if you can read it for seven minutes (110 words per
minute).
TEXT
1 IB I
THE
TRIUMPH OF HUMAN SPIRIT
The
Brooklyn Bridge was built in the year 1883. It is still one of the
most popular places of interest in New York.
The
plan for the Brooklyn Bridge was made by a man named John Roebling.
This was in the year 1867.
Roebling
was a German. He emigrated to the United States when he was
twenty-five. In 1867 Roebiling was already quite famous. Years
before he had invented the steel cable (трос).
Using this steel cable he built several bridges, one at Niagara
Falls (Ниагарский
водопад)
and a second across the Monogahela River at Pittsburgh. He was sure
he could build this new bridge. :;
I ri
It
was decided to give Roebling a chance. A company was organized.
Roebling was head engineer. He began to work making the plans for
the bridge. He sent his son Washington to Europe to study some new
bridges there. Some experiments had been made with working in a
large box under water.
And
then the accident happened. Roebling was working near the river.
A
boat struck the dock on which he was standing. Two weeks later he
died. Before he died he asked that his son Washington should
continue his work.
W.
Roebling began to work with the same interest and energy as his
father. The bridge was begun. There were many problems. According to
the plans, there were to be two large towers (башни).
One of these towers was to be on the- Brooklyn side of the river and
the other was to be on the Manhattan side. From the towers hung
(свешиваться)
a system of steel cables. These steel cables were to hold
(удерживать)
the bridge.
Today
engineers know how to do these things. They have had experience.
They have special machines. But at that time no one knew exactly how
to do this work. The Brooklyn Bridge was the first bridge of its
kind in the world. They used the new box that Washington Roebling
had studied in Europe. The box was made of wood and was about the
size of a house. In this box men could work under water. Air was
forced into the box and the water was forced out of it. It was very
dangerous. No one understood the problems of this kind of work. Men
became sick. There were
278
many
accidents. Roebling himself worked with the men in the box. He tried
to encourage the men.
One
day a worker went down into the box. He felt perfectly well. Within
half an hour he began to feel strong pains (боль).
Five minutes later he was dead. The same thing happened to other
men. One day Roebling himself had a similar attack. He could not
talk. He could not hear. He became paralysed. After a week or two he
felt better. He went back again to work in the box. He had a second
attack, more serious than the first. He could not work again. In
fact he was unable to work again during the rest of his life. He
remained a cripple (калека).
Yet the work had to continue. And Washington Roebling continued tp
direct the construction of the bridge. His home was near the bridge.
He used a telescope. He watched the work every day. His wife helped
him. Each day she went to the bridge. She carried her husband’s
orders to the men. She worked with the men. At night she returned to
her husband. She told him about the work of the day. In this way,
year after year, the work continued.
In
1876 the first cable was placed from one tower to the other. In 1883
about fifteen years after it was first begun, the bridge was
officially opened. Many important people, including the President of
the US, took part in the ceremony. Washington Roebling watched the
ceremony through his telescope.
The
bridge was one of the wonders of the nineteenth century. It is still
today. There is more traffic on it today than ever before. The
bridge remains very strong. It also remains a monument to the two
men who built it, John Roebling and his son Washington.
b)
Complete the statements choosing
the variant corresponding to the contents of the text.
When
John Roebling came to the United States:
nobody
knew him;
he
was known for his invention of the steel cable;
only
his friends knew him.
Washington
Roebling:
was
only making the plans for the bridge;
was
making experiments;
began
building the bridge.
During
the construction of the bridge the people used the box:
which
was constructed by John Roebling;
which
was used in Europe;
which
was invented by Washington Roebling.
Washington
Roebling became a cripple after:
he
had fallen down the bridge,
he
had an accident during the construction of the
bridge
at Niagara Falls;
he
had worked in the box.
Washington
Roebling: , .
did
not live to see the ceremony of the opening the
bridge;
could
see the ceremony;
was
present at the ceremony.
Read
the text to find answers to the given questions.
. TEXT
11C
LONDON
AS A PORT
What
are the “hands” of London known for?
The
port of London is to the east of the City. Here, today, ale miles
and miles of docks, and the great industrial areas that depend upon
shipping. This is the East End of London, unattractive
(непривлекательный)
in appearance, but very important to the country’s commerce. The
East End is a great proletarian area populated by factory workers,
and small craftsmen. The East End is the “hands” of London. The
hands which have built the palaces, theatres, shops and hotels, the
hands which unload the cargoes in the docks, which make furniture
(мебель),
dresses, motor cars, and a million and one other things which fill
the shops.
How
were the goods unloaded in the early days?
The
River Thames, flowing from west to east, divides London into
two
parts known as the north bank and the south bank. Years ago the
Thames
used
to overflow its banks when the tide (прилив)
came up, but now it
has been
banked up and you see a fine wide roadway called the Embankment.
The
Thames estuary (устье)
offered excellent facilities for shipping. The deep channel and high
tide of the lower river enable vessels to pass inland as far as the
bridge and unload in waters that were little troubled by heavy
storms
in the North Sea. In the early days they anchored (бросать
якорь)
in the river and unloaded into small boats and barges which carried
the goods to landing-places on the banks.
How
are the goods unloaded now?
As
the ships grew larger this became too slow a process, and the river
was overcrowded, so docks were constructed, deep-water basins
excavated
280
in
the banks of the river, where vessels could come alongside and
unloaded their cargoes directly on the wharves (пристань)
or even into lorries if necessary. Vessels increased rapidly in size
during the last century and are still growing, and hence, larger and
larger docks have had to be constructed with deeper and deeper
basins.
When
can ocean-going ships go up the Thames?
The
Thames has the benefit (преимущество)
of a good tidal range so that the biggest vessels can go up the
river and enter docks at high tide. By closing the dock gates and
thus shutting off their waters from the river, deep water can be
maintained in the dock all the time it is occupied by vessels. On
the river there are ocean-going ships, and lines of barges pulled
along by tugs (буксир).
Ships up to 6,000 tons can come as far as London Bridge below which
is the part of the river called the Pool.
How
are the two halves of the drawbridge raised?
The
ships can pass under Tower Bridge. It was designed by Sir Horace
Jones, London architect, and Sir John Wolfe Barry, civil engineer.
It took eight years to build it (1886-1894). It has permanent spans
(пролет)
270 feet long, suspended on great chains, connecting them with the
river bank and smaller towers (башня)
at the shore approaches. The two halves of the drawbridge each
weighing 100 tons, can be raised for the passage of ships by
hydraulic machinery in a minute and a half only.
Read
the text and write the summary of it in English, v
‘ TEXT
1 ID
PANAMA
CANAL
The
construction of the Panama Canal had a long and not a simple
history. The first steps were undertaken in 1880 by a Frenchman,
Ferdinand de Lesseps who had built the Suez Canal. His idea was to
build die Panama Canal by driving it straight through, at sea
level. To carry out this plan it was necessary to deep cuts through
rocky hills and mountains, which was soon found to be hard to
achieve.
Then
another French expedition was sent out to see what could be done.
But again the technical difficulties were too much for them.
Moreover, lots of workers died from yellow fever.
In
early 1900’s the American government wanted to build a canal
across the Isthmus of Panama. The isthmus is the neck of land that
joins North and South America and separates the Caribbean Sea from
the Pacific
281
Ocean.
Building a canal across it would mean that American ships could
travel quickly between the east and west coasts of the United States
instead of having to make a long sea journey around South America.
The
main problem was that the United States did not own the isthmus: it
belonged to a Latin American country called Colombia. In 1903, when
the Colombian government was slow to give the Americans permission
to build the canal, President Theodore Roosevelt sent warships to
Panama. The warships helped a small group of Panamanian businessmen
to rebel against the Colombian government.
The
rebels won victory and declared Panama a new independent state. A
few days later they gave the Americans control over a ten-and-a-
half-mile wide strip of land called the Canal Zone across their new
countiy. The way was clear for the Americans to build their canal.
In
1908 Colonel Goethals - the man who turned a great engineering
failure into a great victory - was appointed as a Chief Engineer in
charge of the construction of the Panama Canal. The first thing he
did was to organize a fight against the diseases which had been
killing the workers since the canal was first begun. All swamps and
lakes were covered with a film of oil to destroy the breeding
places of mosquitoes; windows and doors were protected with fine
wire netting.
Colonel
Goethals did not follow the idea of building a canal on the same
level all the way. His idea was to carry the canal at different
heights by means of locks and slucies. He was successful where so
many others had failed. The canal was finished in October 1913, a
great achievement in modem engineering. On the 10th of October
President of the United States Wilson pressed a golden button in
the White House in Washington; 2000 miles away the electric current
from the White House made a dynamite charge explode and blow up the
last dam between the finished canal and the sea. The Atlantic and
the Pacific were now connected with each other.
WRITING
PRACTICE
a)
You've
received a letter from RBM Company in which they request you to
send
your curriculum vitae1
(CV, Le. brief personal history). Study the CV of У°иГ
friend
which provides the most important information about the applicant
|
Name |
Andrew Silvery |
|
|
Address |
15, Pan Street, Austen, Texas, USA |
|
|
Telephone No. |
512 4752 986 |
|
|
Place of Birth |
Zurich, Switzerland |
|
|
Nationality |
American |
|
|
• Marital Status |
Single |
|
|
Age |
22 |
|
|
Education |
High School, Chicago University |
|
|
Languages |
Fluent French besides the mother tongue English |
|
|
Previous Experience |
2 years in father's office |
|
|
Interests |
Travel, music, windsurfing |
* |
\
1
При приеме на работу Вам потребуется
представить краткую автобиографию I
Curriculum
vitae
= CV
= r6sum£
(USA).
Она является основой для оценки и
сравнения претендентов. Она должна
давать четкие ответы на следующие
вопросы:
Имя,
адрес, номер телефона.
Дата
и место рождения.
Национальность.
Семейное
положение (женат, холост, перечислить
детей и их возраст).
Образование
(когда и какое учебное заведение
окончил).
Знание
иностранных языков.
Предыдущие
места работы и должность.
Интересы,
занятия, хобби.
Ниже
приведены возможные ответы на эти
вопросы:
Petr
Ivanovich Volkov, 55 Apt, 20 Bid, Tverskaya St, Moscow, Russia;
4228340
19th
April 1970, Moscow
Russian
Single
10
years Moscow secondary school, 5 years Moscow Technical University
English
3
years as shift engineer at the ZJL
automobile plant assembly shop
Travel,
hockey, drama
b)
Prepare your own CV.
|
1. acquire (v) |
18. estimate (n, v) |
|
2. actually (adv) |
19. evolve (v) |
|
3. agree (v) |
20. extremely (adv) |
|
4. basis (n) |
21. fall Ц v) |
|
5. beam (n) |
22. furthtr (adv, a) |
|
6. bed (n) |
23. lay (v) |
|
7. chain Щ v) |
24. layer (n) |
|
8. circular (a) |
25. local (a) |
|
9. civil (a) |
26. by means of |
|
10. concern (n, v) |
27. mention (n, v) |
|
11. crack (n, v) |
28. object (n, v) |
|
12. cross-section (n) |
29. outstanding (a) |
|
13. demand (n, v) |
30. passage (n) |
|
14. depth (n) |
31. penetrate (v) |
|
IS. distribute (v) |
32. pile (n) |
|
16. doubt (n, v) |
33. prevent (v) |
|
17. erect (v) |
34. project (n) |
range
(n)
reach
(v)
readily
(adv)
rock
(n)
rope
(n)
icheme
(n)
secure
(a,
v)
share
(v)
so
far
suggest
(v)
suitable
(a)
support
(n,
v)
suspend
(v)
to
take into consideration
temporary
(a)
width
(n)