2. Think of some good answers to the following questions. The answers negdn’t-betrue.

2. Too big.

3. I’m glad.

4. No, the same.

5. At once.

6. Rather good.

2. don’t think so.

3. The inventor himself.

4. Engineers.

5. In the introduction.

6. think you are right.

2. a) You are preparing fora driving test. Say what a driver must do when he sees the following road signs.

Pedestrian

crossing

Speed limit

No entry

Two way traffic Other dangers Intersection with

the main road

Railroad

crossing

Load limit

No right turn Hotel or motel

No parking

Road works

2. A traffic inspector is examining a student who wants to get a driving license. The student can pass a driving test if he gets five points. One point is given for each correct answer.

Inspector: During the test you show eight road signs without legends and ask the driver to explain what he must do when he sees them.

STUDENT: Try to answer all the inspector’s questions.

2. Discussion. The first cars appeared on the roads at the end of the 19th century. Nowadays there are a lot of cars in the streets. In some towns it

202

The car is our friend	The car is our enemy
It saves our time. It carries our luggage. It gives us comfort while travelling. It gives us the opportunity to travel and see the world around. It brings help quickly (police, ambulance, fire engines).	Ш It makes noise. It causes air pollution. Many people are killed or injured in car accidents. It causes trafTic jams. You don4 walk enough and it does harm to your health.

Discuss the problem in groups of 3-5 students in order to make a decision. Fill in the chart and give your reasons. '	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
The car is our friend.
The car is our enemy.

READING PRACTICE

1. a) Transportation plays a very Important role in modern world. In our everyday life we uie land transport maybe more often than any other means of transport Read the text “The History of Land Transport** and be ready to do the exercises that follow It

TEXT 8A

THE HISTORY OF LAND TRANSPORT

Introduction

1. The word transport means to carry people or goods from place to place. It is also used for the Vehicles that carry people or goods - for example, motor transport includes buses, lorries, motor coaches and motor

203

cars. The American word for the same thing is transportation, and the remark “transportation is civilization” was made by an American, the motor-car manufacturer Henry Ford.

The history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in which all forms of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals or on natural forces such as winds and current. The second stage began with the development of the steam engine, which was followed by the electric motor and the internal combustion engine as the main sources of power for transport. * _a

Porters and Pack Animals

2. The most ancient peoples were probably wanderers. They did not live in settled homes because they did not know how to till the soil. As they moved from place to place they had to carry their goods themselves. The porters were usually the women, probably because the men had to be ready to beat off attacks by wild beasts or enemies. Even now, to carry the household goods is the job of women in backward wandering tribes.

The next step was the use of pack animals for carrying goods. The kind of animal used varied in different places, but the general idea was the same

• the bundles or baskets were carried by the animals on their backs. The dog, although too small to carry much, was probably one of the first transport animals used because it is so easily trained. Dogs are still to be trained for dragging sledges in the Arctic because of their light weight

3. The next advance in land transport came with the invention of the wheel. The wheel at once led to the development of two-wheeled carts and four-wheeled waggons and carriages, but before these could be used for carrying goods over long distances, a system of roads was necessary. These roads had to be wide enough to take a cart and paved, for unless their surface was paved the wheels sank in and the cart stuck. In Britain, and also over much Europe, the first long-distance paved roads were made by the Romans, chiefly so that troops could be marched without delay from place to place. The roads made it possible to use wheeled traffic. However, when the Roman Empire collapsed, the roads gradually got into a very bad state.

4. There were two problems to be solved - first, how to make good roads, and, second, to decide who was to pay for them. In Great Britain these problems were solved in the 18th century. Stretches of roads were handed over to groups called trusts. The trusts borrowed money for repairing and improving the roads, paying it back from the sums they collected from road users. This method of paying for new roads and bridges is still used, especially in the United States.

204

Then it became possible to travel rather comfortably by coaches. In cities like London, rich people had their own carriages, while poor people went on horseback or walked. Then appeared carriages that could be hired for short distances. They correspond to the modem taxis. The word is short for taxi cab which in turn comes from the words taximeter and cabriolet. A cabriolet is a light two-wheeled carriage introduced from France in the 19th century. The taximeter is a mecnanical device connected with the wheels which, by measuring the distance travelled, shows the fare due at any moment. It is also controlled by a clock so that waiting time too is charged for.

2. Find in the text the passage describing how financial problems were solved in Great Britain and the United States and translate them into Russian.

3. Read aloud the passage you have translated. The approximate time of reading is 45 seconds.

4. Find in the text sentences with the Infinitive and translate them.

5. Find in the text and put down key words to speak about land transport

2. a) Skim the text to understand what it is about Time your reading. It is good if you can read it for four minutes (80 words per minute).

Bffif©':-TEXT 8B

THE WHEEL, STEAM CARRIAGES AND RAILWAYS

One of mankind’s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communi­cation, only crude farming, no electric power.

Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indians until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals. At first all wheels were solid discs.

The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became somewhat lighter. Then wheels with spokes were made. Finally, the wheel was covered with iron and then with rubber.

Light two-wheeled carriages were used widely in the ancient world. As time passed they were made lighter, stronger, and better. Later people joined together a pair of two-wheeled carts into a four-wheeled vehicle. At first only kings and queens had the privilege of driving in them.

205

In the West the first steam carriage was invented in France. The three­wheeled machine had the front wheel driven by a two-cylinder steam engine, and carried two people along the road at a walking pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not produce enough steam for keeping the carriage going for more than about 15 minutes.

The steam engine appeared in 1763. It was followed by several improved steam road carriages. Their further development was prevented by railway companies. The rapid spread of railways in the United Kingdom was due largely to George Stephenson, who was an enthusiast as well as a brilliant engineer.

He demonstrated a locomotive that could run eighteen kilometres an hour and carry passengers cheaper than horses carried them. Eleven years later Stephenson was operating a railway between Stockton and Darlington. The steam locomotive was a success.

In Russia the tsar’s government showed little interest in railway transportation. After long debates the government, which did not believe in its own engineers, finally decided to invite foreign engineers to submit (представить) projects for building railways in Russia.

Yet at the very time when foreign engineers were submitting their plans, in the Urals a steam locomotive was actually in use. It had been inverted and built by the Cherepanovs, father and son, both skilful mechanics and serfs (целостные). The first Russian locomotive was, of course, a “baby” compared with the locomotives of today. Under the boiler (котел) there were two cylinders which turned the locomotive’s two driving wheels (there were four wheels in all). At the front there was a smoke stack (тру­ба), while at the back there was a platform for the driver.

b) Answer the following questions.

Г. What kind of animals were used for work during the Bronze Age?

1. What were the first wheels like?

2. What are the stages in the development of the wheel?

3. How many people did the first steam carriage carry?

4. Who demonstrated the first locomotive in the United Kingdom?

5. Was the Russian government interested in railway transportation?

6. Who were the Cherepanovs?

7. What was the first Russian locomotive like?

8. Are the locomotives widely used in Russia?

9. What kind of locomotives are used in Russia now?

206

3. Read the text to find answers to the given questions.

TEXT 8C

DIFFERENT KINDS OF LAND TRANSPORT

1. What was the reaction of the people after the invention of the steam engine?

In Washington the story is told of a director of the Patent Office who in the early thirties of the last century suggested that the Office be closed because “everything that could possibly be invented had been invented”. People experienced a similar feeling after the invention of the steam engine.

But there was a great need for a more efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an engine that could quickly be started and stopped. This problem was solved by the invention of the internal combustion engine.

2. Who introduced the first cheap motor car?

The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto in 1876.

Since then motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly. But the person who was the first to make it really popular was Henry Ford, an American manufacturer who introduced the first cheap motor car, the famous Ford Model “T”.

3. When did diesel-engined lorries become general?

The rapid development of the internal combustion engine led to its use in the form tractors, thereby creating a revolution in agriculture. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until the 1930s when diesel-engined lorries became general.

The motor cycle steadily increased in popularity as engines and tyres became more reliable and roads improved. Motor cycles were found well suited for competition races and sporting events and were also recognized as the cheapest form of fast transport.

4. When were the trams introduced first?

Buses were started in Paris in 1820. In 1828 they were introduced in London by George Shillibeer, a coach builder who used the French name Omnibus which was obtained from the Latin word meaning “for all”. His omnibuses were driven by three horses and had seats for 22 passengers. Then in the 20th century reliable petrol engines became available, and by 1912 the new motor buses were fast replacing horse-driven buses.

207

Trams were introduced in the middle of the 19thcentury. The idea was that, as the rails were smoother than the roads, less effort was needed to puu a tram than a bus. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were almost all driven by electricity. Hie electric motor driving the tram was usually with electric current from overhead wires. Such wires are also used by trolleybuses, which ran cm rubber tyres and do not need rails.

Another form of transport used in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev and some other crowded cities is the underground railway.

London’s first underground railway of the “tube” type was opened in 1863, the Moscow underground in 1935.

5. What do the longest oil pipe-lines connect?

The pipe-lines, which were in use by the ancient Romans for carrying water supplies to their houses, are now mainly used to transport petroleum. The first pipe-line of this kind was laid in Pennsylvania, the United States, in 1865.

Some of the longest oil pipe-lines connect oil-fields in Iraq and near the Persian Gulf with ports on the Mediterranean coast. A famous Pipe-Line Under the Ocean (PLUTO) was laid across the English Channel m l 944.

5. What are the cableways used for?

A form of transport which is quite common in some mountainous parts of the world, especially in Switzerland, is the aerial cableway. Cableways are used at nearly all winter sport centres to pull or carry skiers to the top of the slopes. Cableways are used by many Alpine villages which lie high up the mountain-sides for bringing up their supplies from the valley below.

2. a) Old automobiles always attract everybody’s attention but often people do not know much about their histoiy. Read the text on this topic to find new exciting facts.

TEXT 8D

THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOMOBILE

1. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The carriage was a great achievement but it was for from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.

208

1. In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain. Further development of the motor car lagged because of the restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to which the speed of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk in front of it.

Motoring really started in the country after the abolition of this act.

2. In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the Ideal newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police: “When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted.”

3. From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. By that time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance.

In 1896 a procession of mocor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were. In fact, many of the cars broke, for the transmissions were still unreliable and constantly gave trouble.

The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to cany large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.

After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Constant efforts were made to standardize common components. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.

4. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine - cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.

From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 ftousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million! No other mdustry had ever developed at such a rate.

5. There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. ‘Bey have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club, which specialize in rare models. The clubs practise ^Qleetmgs where members can exhibit their cars. Collectors can also

209

advertise in the magazines published by their clubs. Some magazines specialise in a single type of car such as glorious Model “T . A number of museums have exhibitions of antique automobile models whose glory rings in automobile history. But practically the best collection — 100 old cars of great rarity - is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements.

5. In England there is the famous “Beaulieu Motor Museum" - the home for veteran cars. ⁴*ЯИ|

The founder of the Museum is Lord Montague, the son of one of England’s motoring pioneers, who opened it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Montague’s father was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. He was fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour!

In the Museum’s collection there is a car called the Silver Ghost which people from near and far go to see. It was built by Rolls-Royce in 1907, and called the Silver Ghost because it ran so silently and was painted silver.

There is a car called The Knight. It is the first British petrol-driven car. Its top speed was only 8 m.p.h.!

In the Museum there is also a two-seater car built in 1903.

2. Write the summary of the text in Russian.

WRITING PRACTICE

Many people learning a foreign language would like to find a pen-friend in that far-away country so as to have the opportunity to correspond in the language.

1. Look through the advertisement page from a magazine and choose the person you would like to write letters to.

Friedrich Kurtz
15, Lange Str., Dresden, Germany
In the 1S-25 age group, Friedrich, a student, would like to correspond with people from anywhere in the world. His interests are science fiction, travel, pop music, antique cars.
Barbara Stashevski
Stasov St/1 34-2, Gdansk, Poland
Would like to correspond with people between ages 20 to 30.
Barbara is 20, a secretary.
Interested in music, travelling, reading and sport.
Jose Dandi J
PO Box 2415 090010
Barcelona, Espana
Aged 22. interested in volleyball, windsurfing,
rearing, going to discos. Would like to
correspond wth people all over the world.
Anna Valencino Via. Gran Palazzo, 33 Milano, Italia Ann is 18, speaks Russian, German and Japanese, enjoys reading, talking to people, writing letters. Interested in horoscopes. Would like a male pen-f riend.
	Portugal
Aged 19, would like to correspond with BBC listeners, interested In motor cars, motorbikes, arts and films, alps- skilng.

1. also (adv)	18. engine (n)	35. repair (n, v)
2. backward (a)	19. force (n, v)	36. the same (a)
3. beat (v)	20. general (a)	У1. settle (v)
4. because of (prp)	21. goods (n)	38. soil (n)
5. charge (v)	22. gradually (adv)	39. source (n)
6. chiefly (adv)	23.jhand (n, v)	40. stage (n)
7. coach (n)	24. internal (a)	41. step (n, v)
8. collapse (n, v)	25. introduction (n)	42. stretch (n, v)
9. combustion (n)	26. lead (v)	43. surface (n)
10. connect (v)	27. lorry (n)	44. unless (cj)
11. current (n, a)	28. mean (v)	45. vary (v)
12. delay (n, v)	29. measure (n, v)	46. vehicle (n)
13. device (n)	30. at once	47. weight (n)
14. directly (adv)	31. pave (v)	48. wheel (n, v)
15. distance (n)	32. pay Ц v)	49. wide (a)
16. drag (v)	33. rather (adv)	50. wind (n)
17. due (a)	34. remark (n, v)

UNIT 9 WATER TRANSPORT

LANGUAGE MATERIAL VOCABULARY

1. Прочитайте новые слова вслух, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами. Опре­делите их значения в данных предложениях.

1. ТО WEIGH This boal weighs several tons, весить ***■■':•

2. SLOWLY Cars were moving slowly along the медленно mountain road.

3. HORSEPOWER The “Moskvitch-214r* has a 82- лошадиная сила horsepower engine.

4. IN ORDER TO He came here in order to see us. для того чтобы

5. TO FLY (FLEW, FLOWN) Who was the first to fly over the летать North Pole?

6. TO SUPPOSE . ^{Hc is 1} oppose полагать

7. TO SEEM He was thirty, but he seemed much

казаться older.

7. ISLAND On the fifth day of the voyage they

saw an island

остров ,

о wh r' In the morning the travellers saw a

v. MILE .

snowcapped mountain at a

*.*4 • *<■; . distance of about 5 miles.

in tit г ГИ be wailing for you here till 5

Safi 1 ILL# _ % • _a„

o clock.

,, ^ The twentieth century ends on the 31st

4 CENTURY of December 2000 \

.i, ^BCK The children were dancing round a

12. ROUND _biglrcc

вокруг III

13. TO PROVE

1. доказывать 1) It is difficult to prove his point с

view.

2. оказываться 2) He proved (to be) a veiy god

friend, when I needed help.

13. END At the end of the lesson the teache конец gave us a test.

TO END , How does the story end? кончаться

13. LIKE

1. подобный 1) He is like his father in eveiything.

2. как ' 2) They are behaving like children.

13. FOR

1. так как 1) He did not come to the meeting foi

he was ill.

2. в течение 2) He was ill for five days.

3. для 3) He has left this book for you.

13. IRON The first iron bridge was built in the железо 18th centuiy.

14. STEEL Modem ships are built of iron and сталь steel.

15. TO REPLACE Buses are replacing trams in towns, заменять, вытеснять

16. TIMBER In Scandinavia trees are planted for строительный лес; дерево timber.

(древесина)

13. SIZE The scientists studied the shape and размер size of meteorites found in the

taiga.

13. TO PROMOTE It is necessary to build good roads to способствовать, содействовать promote the rapid development of

this region.

13. QUANTITY I prefer quality to quantity, количество

14. RAW In the 19th century a considerable сырой; необработанный number of raw materials was -

imported from colonial countries.

13. SUCH AS I like English poets such as Keats and как например, такой как Shelley.

214

26. COTTON Some European countries import raw хлопок gl cotton from America and India and

export cotton goods to other parts of the world

26. A GREAT DEAL д great deal of earth work is' to be много done before the construction starts.

27. SMOOTH It’s easy to drive when the road is ровный, плавный smooth.

28. EFFICIENT Efficient methods were used to эффективный, продуктивный increase the quantity of manu­factured goods.

29. A FEW Only a few people could understand несколько the significance of the discovery at

that time.

26. OWING TO There was much delay of transport благодаря, из-за, вследствие owing to the accident.

27. TO OPERATE

1. работать, действовать 1) The lift is operated by electricity.

2. управлять, приводить в дви- 2) This powerful machine is operated жение (машину) by one person.

26. NEGLIGIBLE A negligible quantity of the chemical незначительный substance is sometimes enough to

determine its properties.

26. CAPACITY

1. мощность 1) This factory has a production

capacity of 200 cars a week.

2. емкость 2) The tank has a capacity of 100

litres.

26. RELIABLE He was recommended as a reliable надежный person.

27. PROTECTION When working an electrician must use защита, ограждение some means of protection.

37. to WIDEN The old street had to be widened.

расширять(ся) .

37. то пррррм This shallow river must be deepened

углубляться) ^for be'¹" navigation.

37. NARROW This narrow bridge has been used for узкий many years; now it needs widening.

40. TO RUN (RAN, RUN) 1) You have to run very quickly, if

1) бежать ^{y0U Want} Щ ^{catch Ле bus}*

215

2. проходить 2) For several miles the road гщ^

through a thick forest.

2. работать (о машине) 3) The engine was running at full

speed.

Работа со словарем. Прочтите предложения, определите исходную форму выделен­ных слов, скажите, к какой части речи они относятся, и найдите соответствующие значения этих слов в словаре. 1иВ

1. a) A loadedboat was moving in the direction of the port, b) A lot of people went boating on this Sunday afternoon.

^ c) Will.this boat hddalljive of us? *ScI —'■

2. a) They used boats to carry supplies of food to the island.

2. I took with me a good supply of books.

3. The expedition was supplied with all the necessary equipment.

3. a) In modem ports the ships are loaded and unloaded mechanically.

2. When does the ship leave?

3. Have the goods for the Polar Station been shipped?

4. a) The boat was sailing at full speed.

2. The boat had beautiful sails.

3. Can you sail a boat?

5. a) Our opinions differ on some points.

2. The water was heated to the boiling point.

3. Everything points to a cold winter.

6. a) Before crossing a street look first to the left, then to the right.

2. Put a cross on the map to show where we are.

3. We can cross the river at the next village.

7. a) The lorries were loaded mechanically.

2. The load weighs a hundred kilograms.

3. They loaded us with work.

8. a) Every machine needs oiling.

2. Water is heavier than oil.

3. What sort of oil is there at this service station?

9. a) What kind of fuel is used in these motor cars?

2. We had to stop to fuel the car.

3. This passenger car needs fuelling every 300 miles.

10. a) He is working on the design for a new machine. .• ■

2. The architect is designing a new school.

3. The ice-breaker is designed for operation in Arctic waters.

¹ - ? §

3. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и, основываясь на значе­ниях соответствующих русских слов, определите их значения.

barge [ba:d3] ton [tAn]

aeroplane ['earsplein] companion [ksm'paenjan] army ['a:mi] colony ['kolani] magnetic [maeg'netik] compass ['kAmpas] motor ['mouta]

revolution [,reva'lu:Jn] port [port] turbine ['taibin] diesel ['dirzal] reactor [n'aekta] radiation [,reidi'eijan] atomic [a'tomik] canal [ka'nael]

4. а) Найдите в правой колонке слова, противоположные по значению словам в левой колонке.

4. negligible

5. slowly

6. narrow/,

7. to load' -

8. shortage

9. to repair

10. the same

11. weakness

12. simple ^v

13. gradually

14. small

a) internal, b) previous, c) considerable,

2. permanent a) chiefly, b) directly, c) rather, d) quickly a) flat, b) wide, c) shallow, d) advanced a) to operate, b) to design, c) to unload, d) to develop a) abundance, b) protection, c) establishment, d) sig- nificance

a) to cross, b) to damage, c) to test, d) to widen a) close, b) recent, c) main, d) different a) capacity, b) strength, c) century, d) provision a) complicated, b) reliable, c) successful, d) major a) unfortunately, b) probably, c) at once, d) scarcely a) valuable, b) rapid, c) main, d) huge

б) Найдите в правой колонке слова, близкие по зпачешио словам в левой колонке.

1. a great deal

2. to promote

3. to replace

4. till

5. to suppose

6. boat

% to solve Ш between

a) quantity, b) according to, c) plenty of, d) consist of

1. to need, b) to require, c) to receive, d) to facilitate

1. to load, b) to cross, c) to change, d) to include

1. round, b) until, c) in order to, d) for

1. to like, b) to find out, c) to try, d) to think

1. ship, b) fuel, c) island, d) cotton

1. to develop, b) to consider, c) to decide, d) to send

1. round, b) among, c) in spite of, d) through

9. to supply

10. invention

11. to design

12. earth

a) to sail, b) to maintain, c) to provide, d) to move a) century, b) influence, c) size, d) discovery a) to point, b) to construct, c) to test, d) to drive a) land, b) iron, c) steel, d) coal

5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык,

to load a ship a loaded barge to move slowly weighing several tons a plane flying northwards to seem young an old islander fresh supplies a steamship to fly round the Earth reliable sources of information to protect children to design according to the plan to widen a road to deepen a river a narrow place to run between two points

to prove something to be made of iron, steel and concrete to replace iron rich in timber different sizes to promote progress quality and quantity to obtain raw materials to provide with cotton in order to know better at the distance of fifteen miles till three o’clock till you come in the last century to test new equipment to like music and literature

б. Решите кроссворд.

1. The process of sending out heat light.

2. To show that something is true or give reasons for belief in something.

3. Coal, clay, sand are ... materials.

4.

5. A kind of fuel which was used for ships in the 19th century.

6. A period of hundred years.

7. A piece of strong cloth fixed in position on a ship to move it through the water by the force of the wind.

8. A measure of the capacity of an engine, representing the force needed to pull 550 pounds one foot a second.

9. Opposite to wide.

10. One of the earliest types of a boat.

a great deal of goods to work smoothly efficient measures to supply oil fuel for vehicles a few remarks owing to the advantage to operate well negligible progress for ten years such a beautiful garden few words a few words to cross the street %

before crossing the street slow movement to prove efficient