7. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на услов­ные придаточные предложения.

1. If I come home early, I’ll be able to write my report today.

2. If he were at the Institute now, he would help us to translate the article.

3. If you had come to the meeting yesterday, you would have met with a well-known English writer.

4. You will get good results if you apply this method of calculation.

5. If he had taken a taxi, he would have come on time.

6. If the speed of the body were 16 km per second, it would leave the solar system.

7. If it had not been so cold, I would have gone to the country.

8. If the air were composed only of nitrogen, burning would be impossible.

9. If you press the button, the device will start working.

10. The design would have been ready by the end of the year if they had supplied us with all the necessary equipment.

11. Проанализируйте следующие предложения и скажите, какие значения отьвыража-

ют (возможные действия в будущем, нереальные действия в настоящем и буду­щем).

1. 11 If you find the exact meaning of this word, you will understand the sentence.

2. If he works hard at his English he will pass his exam well.

3. If I get a good dictionary, I shall translate this text.

4. If you go to a library, you will find there all the books you need.

5. If we receive the documents tomorrow, we shall start loading the lorries on Monday.

6. If the student observes the rules, he will not make mistakes.

7. If you help me, I shall repair the engine in an hour.

8. If they receive all the necessary equipment, they will be able to carry out their experiment.

9. If we drive at such a speed all the time, we shall arrive at the village before night.

10. If they change some details, they will be able to improve the design.

2. 'l. If you traveled by plane, you’d come in time for the conference.

2. If I took a taxi I would catch the last train.

3. If the builders hadn’t worked overtime, the canal wouldn’t have rei opened in time.

245

Многозначность слов

hand n 1) рука; 2) работник, исполнитель; 3) pi. команда кораб­ля; 4) почерк; 5) стрелка (часовая); 6) участие в чем-л. v передавать, вручать

1. You can see his hand in this experiment.

2. He worked several years as a form hand.

3. Do you have a hand in this project?

4. The hour hand of my watch is broken.

5. The letter was written in a strange hand.

6. He handed me a telegram.

[4. Переведите данные предложения без словаря, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. a) I never have any trouble getting the car started.

1. There is some trouble with the central heating system.

2. Cars with engine troubles o.f this sort are easily repaired at every service station.

3. Stoppage of fuel supply caused serious trouble in the engine.

2. a) The bombers were quickly converted for use by passengers by

fitting extra seats and windows.

1. Have you got an extra ticket?

2. On Sundays they run an extra train.

3. People who work and study get extra leave during examination time.

3. a) After World War П, bigger and faster airliners appeared.

1. If you can get a ticket for the fast train, youTl get there in the morning.

2. Which of you runs faster?

3. The plane is the fastest means of transport.

4. a) Helicopters gain in needing very little space for taking-off and

landing.

1. You can gain by watching how she works.

2. The plane rapidly gained height.

15. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на союзы условных придаточных предложений if, unless, provided

1. If they needed the equipment urgently, we could transport it by plane.

2. The accident would not have happened, if they had been more careful.

3. If I were in his place, I would refuse to stop the experiment.

4. If the goods are shipped in April, they will arrive before the expedition starts.

5. The sputnik will keep to its orbit provided it travels at the uniform speed of 8 kilometres per second.

6. It would have been impossible to said up sputniks unless the laws governing the motion of planets had been studied.

247

7. If I were you I would first test the car.

8. You’ll fail in English unless you work harder.

LISTENING PRACTICE

1. Usually people travel by air if they want to save time. But sometimes gangsters and robbers fly by plane in order to escape from the police.

1. Listen to the story ‘Two Parachutes”. Be ready to answer the questions below and try to explain why there were two parachutes and not one.

1. Whom did the man kidnap?

2. Where did he hide the child?

3. How much money did he ask for?

4. Why didn't he take the child with him as a hostage?

5. Did he have a ticket for the plane?

6. If you were a hostess what would you have thought when the man took, you to the exit door with two parachutes?

7. What kind of parachutes would you have given him?

8. What can you say about this man’s plan of escape?

9. What happened to the man after he had jumped alone from the plane?

2. Retell the story.

3. Say what you would have done if

• you were kidnapped;

• you were the pilot;

• you were one of the passengers;

• you were the parents of the kidnapped child;

• you were the detective who was after this man.

2. Since early days people have dreamed of flying. At first it was ощ. dream (remember the myth about Ikarus!). In the 20th century airpl^ and spaceships appeared. Now we have also the hang-glider.

1. Read the definition of the word hang-glider and try to find a Rus^ equivalent for it.

A hang-glider is an aircraft, often without an engine. It can g° p the wind or against it. The pilot can change direction by moving _f control bar. Hang-gliders rise and fall with movements in the air- example, near hills they usually go up.

248

^M^rs^Lisle^ k**^{urcr w}bo is speaking about hang-

called ‘‘Hang-gliding” and arrange the

R ture CBe ^orc^^er which corresponds to the text of the

' ^{e n}°t all of them illustrate the lecture.)

^c) Read the transcription of the text on p. 435. Look up the words you do not know in your dictionary.

ORAL PRACTICE

H ^°P*^c* An aircraft of the 21st century.

Voif'haw ^{of aircraft} engineers will be held in a month in London

2lst сети™ , °PP°^rtumty ^{t0 cx}P^ress Уош- idea for an aircraft for the “tury. In your report present information on:

249

1. the type of an aircraft which will be used in future (a supersonic

plane, a turbo-jet plane, a helicopter, a jet*propelled gfe»®)?.

2. the type and thi numbedof engines which will be installed on this.

aircraft;

3. the speed this aircraft will fly at;

4. the nun)ber of passengers it will seat;

5. the distance it will be able to cover;

6. the fuel it will use; ...

7. the conveniences for the passeogers which will be provided,

8. the number of pilots and flight attendants.

2. Think of some good questions for the following answers. The answers needn’t be true.

1. Low clouds. 6. Unlikely.

2. Alone. 7. Nearly 100 km.

3. Because of the weather. 8. The pilot.

4. Too quickly. 9. Thank you.

5. Urgently. 10. Only forward.

1. In the airport “Sheremetjevo” a reporter meets the millionth passenger. He interviews him.

REPORTER: You are a reporter of the “Moscow News”. You are going to publish an article about the millionth passenger of “Aeroflot". You can put the following questions:

What’s your name?

What country are you from?

What are you by profession?

How often do you travel by air?

Did you enjoy the flight?

Think of some other questions.

PASSENGER: You are Tom (Helen) Smith, the representative of a firm which has contracts with Russian plants. Russian Aeroflot presented you with a miniature model of a Russian airliner. It is a very nice souvenir. You are quite happy and eager to answer all the reporter’s questions.

2. Discussion. John Smith, a tourist from Great Britain, is going from Moscow to Peterhof which is ncrt far from St. Petersburg. He doesn’t know what means of transport to choose - a plane or a train. Give him advice.

250

Plane	Train
■' ■ For	For
I j The speed is vcty high. The flight is very short J You can see beautiful clouds in 1 the sky, if the weather is fine.	1 j You can travel in comfort. It takes you little time to get to the railway Station. You can go by train in any weather. There are porters who will carry your luggage.
Against	A gainst
If the weather is poor you will have to sit in the airport and wait for your plane for hours. It takes you a lot of lime to get to the airport. Л plane is not a very safe 1 means of transport.	The speed is not very high. The trip is quite long. You sleep badly on the train.

Discuss the problem in groups of 3-5 students in order to take a decision. *Fill in the chart and give your reasons.	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
It is better to go by plane.
It is better to go by train.

READING PRACTICE

** ») Since ancient times people have dreamt оГ having the ability to fly like birds. They catted a tragic myth about (care, who made wings connected with wax. He did not obey bb Tather and flew too dose to the son, so bis wings melted and he Tell to his death. Read the text below and write an outline Гог it.

251

TEXT ЮА AIR TRANSPORT

j| Modern air transport using craft which is heavier than air requires a good deal of power merely to stay in the air. It is for this reason that air transport uses more fuel to carry a ton over a distance of a mile than land or water transport. Another drawback of air transport is that whereas a ship 'truck*or train whose engines break down can stop until they are mended, an aircraft with the same trouble must land. This means that an aircraft must have several engines and this increases its cost. Safety precautions for air transport also tend to make it expensive It cannot be relied upon for regular services in places or seasons with low clouds and mist. The great advantage of air transport being its high speed, all civilized countries try to develop it.

If you want to save time, you will naturally fly by air.

2. Balloons. The earliest form of air transport was balloons, which are sometimes called “free balloons" because having no engines they are forced to drift by the wind flow. This fact alone makes balloons not reliable enough for carrying people. If they were safer, they would be used more for transportation, but at present the scientists use balloons mostly for obtaining information about the upper atmosphere, its density, and ocher scientific subjects. Weather balloons are particularly used by meteorologists. They carry instruments whose readings are automatically sent back to the ground by the radio, the position of the balloon being obtained by radar. Small balloons released from air-fields are observed to obtain the direction and strength of the wind.

3. Aeroplanes The heavier-than-air machines called aeroplanes were rather slow in being adopted for transport The first aeroplane flight was made in 1884.

World War I quickened the development of aeroplanes enormously- By I 1918 they were no longer unreliable things capable of only short flights, but powerful machines able to carry heavy loads at high speeds for distances. What was more, the ending of the war meant that thousands⁰ aeroplanes and skilled pilots were available

The first aeroplanes were machines that had been used as boflibei* They were quickly converted for use by passengers by fitting extra and windows. The first regular public air service from London to Pans started in August 1919.

2. During World War II the value of aeroplanes for carrying j loads was recognized This led after the war to an increase in the sending goods by air. Air freight is expensive but is often thought ^ while for such goods as early vegetables, fruit and flowers, as well

252

things urgently needed such as spare parts for machinery, medical supplies, films and photographs. Some parts of the world are hundreds of miles from a road, railway or waterway, and air transport is the only possible kind of transport. Such places are kept supplied wholly by air.

2. After World War II, bigger and faster airliners were introduced. Jet- propelled aircraft were first used in 1950. Air transport is very valuable for emergency medical work. The most important use of air transport besides carrying passengers is carrying mail. If the letters are sent by air mail, they are not long in coming. Although tic is unlikely that aircraft will ever replace ships for carrying heavy and bulky cargoes such as oil, coal, minerals, grain and machinery, air transport is already proving a serious rival to passenger ships on some routes.

3. Helicopters and Hovercraft.¹ Helicopters are very useful in places where there is no room for long, flat runways.² Modem turbo-jet airliners need a run of nearly two miles long to take off, but helicopters can use small fields, platforms mounted on ships and the flat tops of buildings. Helicopters were first introduced for regular airline service in 1947. Later, helicopters were used for carrying passengers and mail on short routes, and for taking airline passengers between the centres of cities and the main airports.

4. While helicopters gain in needing very little space for taking-off and landing, they lose because the speed at which they move forward is quite low. So the problem was to develop an aircraft combining the advantages of the helicopter with the high speed of an ordinary aircraft. If the designers could develop such a machine the problem would be solved. So for this purpose the hovercraft was designed. Hovercrafts are likely to be useful for ferry services - for example, in ferrying motor cars across the English Channel. They may also be useful for travel in roadless countries.³

NOTES TO THE TEXT

1. hovercraft - машина на воздушной подушке

2. runway - взлетно-посадочная полоса

I in roadless countries I в условиях бездорожья

1. Find in the text the passage about the earliest form of air transport and translate it into Russian.

2. Read this passage aloud. (Approximate time of reading is one minute.)

3. Find in the text key words which you can use to speak about balloons, aeroplanes and helicopters.

4. Find in the text four conditional sentences and translate them into Russian.

5. Write the summary of the text in English.

253

2. a) Skim the text to understand what it is about. Time your reading. It is good if you can read it for four minutes (100 words per minute).

|i рШ ч * ^; • TEXT 10B

THE FIRST BALLOONS

Etienne and Joseph Montgolfier lived in the eighteenth century in a little village in France where their father had a paper factory. The two brothers took paper bags from their father, filled them with smoke over a fire (огонь) and watched them go up into the air.

After numerous experiments they were ready to show how their balloon worked. On the day of the flight people from different places came to the little village to see the spectacle. The brothers had constructed a bag some thirty feet in diameter. That big bag was held over a fire. When it was filled with hot smoke, it went high up into the air. It was in the air for ten minutes and then, as the air bag became cold, the balloon went slowly down.

The news about the experiment reached the king who wanted to see it himself' So on September 19, 1783 the Montgolfier brothers repeated their experiment in the presence of the King and Queen of France. This time the balloon carried a cage with a sheep, a cock, and a duck (овца, петух, утка) who were thus the first air travellers. The flight was successful. The balloon came down some distance off with the sheep, the cock and the duck completely unharmed (невредимый).

If the animals could live through this, men could risk too. A month later a balloon was sent up with a Frenchman, Rozier by name. He stayed up in the air for twenty-five minutes at a height of about one hundred feet above the ground, and then came down, saying that he had greatly enjoyed the view (вид) of the country.

A month later he and Arlandes made the first free balloon flight. Their friends who came to say good-bye to them were very sad because they thought the flight was very dangerous, but they went up several hundred feet, were carried by the wind over Paris and came down in safety.

In 1785 a Frenchman and an American crossed the English Channel in a balloon. When they had covered three quarters of the way, the balloon began to go down. They threw everything they could overboard. They even undressed and threw away practically all their clothes. If they had not done it, they would have never reached the French coast safely.

b) Complete the foQowing sentences choosing the most suitable variant,

1. The Montgolfier brothers lived:

1. in England;

2. in France;

3. in the USA.

254

ts*' \ •

2. Their balloon was filled with:

1. smoke;

2. special gas;

3. steam.

3. In the cage fastened to the balloon there were:

1. some instruments;

2. a hen, a dog and a cat;

3. a sheep, a cock and a duck.

4.1) Very few people 5j

2. Some friends from their village I came to see the experiment.

3. People from different places J

3. Rozier’s flight

1. lasted twenty-five minutes;

2. was unsuccessful;

3. ended in a disaster.

2. Read the text to find answers to the given questions.

• ...

TEXT IOC

_N LONDON AIRPORT SERVES THE WORLD V ^

1. Why is a bigairport like a town?

If you have travelled by plane (we also say “by air”), you will probably agree that travelling by plane is a very exciting experience. An airport is so different from a railway station or a bus stop, the people you meet and the things you see are very interesting and new. What is more, a big airport is like a town — with its own shops, banks and police.

2. How do the passengers approach the centre of the airport?

London airport is one of the most modem in the world today and is a popular visiting place for both old and young. The airport covers over four square miles, and the road round it is 13 miles long. The airport has five main runways: the longest is 12,000 feet. The total number of people who work at the airport is nearly 36,000. London airport is one of the busiest in the world - more than 50 airlines operate from it every week. Every day of the week in the summer, over 800 planes land or take off.

London airport is unique in its layout (планировка). All passenger and control buildings are in the centre of the aiiport. The only way for passengers to approach these buildings is by a tunnel which has been constructed under the main runways.

1111

iii

3. What helps the passengers to pass London airport easily and

quickly?

This great airport is famous for the efficiency of its service to the passengers who are continually travelling to all parts of the world. At the airport, all luggage (багаж) is mechanically handled. This is done by a system of conveyor belts, which enables the passengers to pass this great airport with ease.

The cost of making such an airport was approximately 20 millions, but much more will be spent before the. work is completed. Each year money is needed for the development of the^ airport to accommodate great new transatlantic aircraft. Runways have to be lengthened to enable these airplanes to take offwith their heavy loads. Air bus system started in 1977.

4. From what place can the visitors see how London airport operates?

One of the big attractions at London airport is the Roof Gardens which are open to visitors who wish to see how a modem airport operates. The Roof Gardens give a view of the whole of the airport. From the garden you can see all the aircraft landing and taking off: you can see VC-10 - an intercontinental airliner - which has its engines at the back, and has a speed of 600 m.p.h., the Trident, the Boeing 707, the Concord, and many others.. While you are watching the planes, a loudspeaker tells you where they are all going to or where they have come from. It also tells you if there are any film-stars, actors or other personalities on board. If you have your own camera you can take a lot of exciting pictures.

5. What accommodation does London airport Have for animals?

The English, as you know, like animals very much. You will not be surprised, therefore, when we tell you that London airport has a special animal "hotel”. Every year, thousands of animals arrive at London airport. Some stay the night there; others stay several weeks. Some just go to have a drink of water and a rest. The “hotel” looks after birds, insects, fish, elephants, monkeys and spiders.

4. a) Read tbe text and be ready to answer the questions that follow it.

■

TEXT JOD

TRANSPORTATION FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

1. Experts estimate that in the 21st century we will go by rocket from New York to Tokyo in 30 minutes. We will be able to reach any point on the globe from any other point through tunnels deep in the earth. The prospect is adventurous and exciting.

256

jpltfs possible, that within the next two or three decades we will be riding in remote-controlled electronic cars/

Trips through metropolitan areas will be made on quiet, swift buses travelling on separate express lines of city streets. Helicopters may carry whole buses loaded with passengers from point to point above city traffic.

crane helicopters soon may help solve the complicated problem of getting passengers from the centre to the airpoit and back again.

2. Most of the advances in air transportation will materialize withm the next few years. The largest airplane ever designed for commercial service, capable of seating nearly 500 passengers, is already being built.

Supersonic transport prototypes now in development are forerunners of a new generation of 1,800 miles per hour passenger jet-liners.

The “ideal” short-haul air transport is a vertical or short take-off and landing aircraft that can fly 30 to 45 passengers right into the heart of a city or its suburbs trips up to 260 miles.

3. Mankind has entered an age of high speeds, pressures, and temperatures which could be generated and withstood only with the help of new and hitherto unknown materials.

In the 1920s the top speed of an airplane was not more than 200 kilometres per hour, the load per square metre of the wing area was about 50 kilograms. The main construction material was wood. In our day, the speed of aircraft, even passenger planes, is approaching 3,000 kilometres per hour, loads may be as high as 600 kilograms per square metre of wing. The turbine that drives such an aircraft is not only a miracle of design, it is also a miracle of materials strength. Its blades, for example, rotate at a tremendous speed and at the temperature greater than 1,000° Centigrade. The given examples are sufficient to indicate the complexity of materials studies today and the extent to which .progress in the near or more distant

future depends on them. .

4. Of tremendous importance is the creation of new materials. Chemists pngagflH in polymer research have produced the world s best synthetic materials.

Metallurgists studying a new class of aluminium alloys have produced a very durable alloy which is being used in aircraft and rocket engineering. The alloy helps reduce the weight of apparatus substantially, thereby effecting a considerable saving of materials.

Plastics are employed in a number of aircraft engine applications and have successfully displaced metals in jet turbine impellers where the. high fatigue resistance of the material is of great importance. If suitable higher temperature plastics were developed, it is quite feasible that turbines will one day be all of plastic construction.

9-320

257

1 Junior Accountant Accountant requires assistant, preferably with previous experience. As the Пгга haa many clients in Hurope, fluency in English is essential. Good salary and benefits are offered. Write to the Personnel Manager, lk>x 2613, RHM Company, 27 Green Street, Star City, Dreamland

	Адрес и телефон отправителя
	Дата отправления
1) кому адресовано
2) должность
3) название фирмы
и ее адрес
Обращение
Текст письма
Заключительная часть
Подпись

259 Personnel Manager RBM Company 27 Green Street Star City Dreamland	The Royal Hotel 5 Blue St Star City Dreamland 12th April 1999 PM
Dear Sir,
I would like to apply for the position of junior accountant which you advertised in yesterday’s City Times. I am a student in the Economics Department and I have been bookkeeping at my father's firm for two years. I speak good English and feel that 1 am qualified to fill your position. Please send any application forms that you want me to fill in and let me know if you would like to arrange an interview. Yours faithfully

1. across (prp)	18. emergency (n)
2. adopt (v)	19. ever (adv)
3. aircraft (n)	20. extra (a)
4. alone (a)	21. fast (a)
5. available (a)	22. fit (a, v)
6. because (cj)	23. flow (n, v)
7. besides (prp)	24. forward (advj
8. break down (v)	25. gain (v)
9. bulky (a)	26. lose (v)
10. capable (a)	27. low (a)
11. cargo (n)	28. merely (adv)
12. cloud (n)	29. nearly (adv)
13. combine (v)	30. no longer
14. convert (v)	31. observe (v)
15. cost (n, v)	32. particularly (adv)
16. density (n)	33. precaution (n)
17. drawback (n)	34. purpose (n)

35. readings

36. recognize (v)

37. release (h, v)

38. skilled (a)

39. stay (n, v)

40. take off (v)

41. tend fvj

42. trouble fa vj

43. truck (n, v)

44. unlikely (a)

45. upper ffly)

46. urgently (adv)

47. value (n, y)

48. weather (n)

49. whereas (cj)

50. wholly (adv)