- •The nature of philosophical knowledge.
- •2 Philosophy as the theoretical basis of worldview.
- •Philosophy as general methodology.
- •4. Philosophy in its various representations.
- •5. Worldview. Historical forms of worldview.
- •6. The main functions and the significance of philosophy.
- •7.An outline history of philosophy. The historical stages and modes of philosophizing.
- •8. Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •9. Middle Ages: general characteristics and an account on the religious philosophy.
- •10. The Mediaeval argumentation on the universals. Nominalists and Realists
- •11. The Renaissance: the ideas of Humanism and Philosophy of Science.
- •12. The Modern Ages: transition to a new philosophy. Empiricism and Rationalism
- •13. The philosophical problem of Man, Society and State in French Enlightenment.
- •15. Kant and his critical philosophy.
- •Marxism – a new doctrine of the 19th century. The idea of alienation.
- •Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •Interlude on Russian Philosophy. The Westerners and Slavofiles.
- •29 An outline Theory of Dialectics. Historical forms of Dialectics. Dialectics and Metaphysics.
- •30. The basic categories of Dialectics.
- •The methodological significance of the Law of Negation. The progressive nature of development.
- •35. Matter: the unity and diversity of the Forms of its manifestations.
- •The philosophical conception of Man. Man as a biopsychosocial being.
- •Cosciousness: essence and origin.
- •41 Consciousness, language and communication.
- •42)The decisive role of labour operations in the formation of man and his consciousness
- •The structure of Consciousness. Self-consciousness. Reflection.
- •45.Practice as the Basis and Purpose of Cognition and the Criteria of True Knowledge.
- •46. The philosophical concept of Truth. Absolute and Relative Truth. Truth, Error and Lie
- •50. The Economic Sphere of Society’s life. Material Production: the concept and the main elements
- •The Political Sphere of Society’s Life. Politics, the State and Law.
- •55. The Structure of Social Consciousness: Moral, Legal, Political, Religious, Science, and Aesthetic Consciousness.
- •Progress as a historically necessary Direction of Society’s Development.
15. Kant and his critical philosophy.
Three fundamental questions with which Kant divides the contents of his philosophy, are binding (irreversible) sequence. Prerequisite of conscious orientation to the orientation of the world is, according to Kant, not only an honest statement of each of these issues, but also the order in which they are placed. Specified the problem of "what should I do?" mately the right only if you find any convincing answer to the question "what do I know?", for without understanding the boundaries of certain knowledge is impossible to evaluate the independent knowledge of dol zhenstvovaniya and unconditional moral choice. An even more serious error (a sort of "misconduct in orientation") bu child making answer to the question "to what I dare to hope?" a condition for solving the problem "what should I do?", that is an attempt to preface faith duty.
Marxism – a new doctrine of the 19th century. The idea of alienation.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) - founder of scientific communism, dialectical and historical materialism and scientific political economy. The philosophy of Marxism acts as a scientific method for understanding and transforming the world. The essence of the philosophy of Marxism constitute the study of classical philosophical issues, concentrated around the relations of man to the world, relations between people and nature (essence) of man. There are two phases of development of Marxism - "early" and "late". For "early " - characterized by attempts to develop a holistic world primarily by means of philosophical analysis. "Late" - here, instead of an abstract design rights, and its essential Force has developed more specific, based on the study of economic and social structure of society. Main theses: 1) The foundation of the world are not religious, mystical or idealistic, but the corolaries of modern science, 2) Marxism openly acknowledged his relationship with the interests of a particular class - the proletariat 3) as a result put a fundamentally new challenge - not limited to explaining the world, and choose a methodology for transformation, in the first place - the transformation of society on the basis of a conscious revolutionary. activities, 4) Philosophy research Center here shifted from the field of pure and abstract knowledge of human relations, as well as from the area of abstract reasoning about the general structure of the world to the area of practice, 5), this leads to what materialism firstly applied to the understanding of social life 6) Finally knowledge and thinking themselfs have been understood differently. The thinking was regarded not as a product of nature, but as a result of complex historical, social activity, i.e. practice, hadn’t distinguished separately by Marx. For Marx, alienation is a loss of meaning of existence, of workers in the labor process in the era of capitalism. Marx considered the worker in capitalist society, due to the development of machine production and the appropriate level of division of labor, turned into a "part" of the huge machine mechanism, "adjunct". Labor force is transformed into a subject of sale which is sold for wages). Worker was need to work for the capitalists, who own the means of production to maintain his existence. Product, produced by worker was "left" to the capitalist (owner of the means of production), and therefore it was represented by itself a sort of alien, separate from the employee object. Alienation was seen in the process of separating the product of labor, and in the very productive activities, and in respect to an employee to himself and to others.
Neo-Classical Philosophies of Human and problems of his life. Philosophy of Life (Shoupenhauer, Bergson, Neitzcshe).
The basis of life according to Nitzshe is will. Life is the will manifestation, but not an abstracr world will, like Shopengauer sad, but concrete determined will – “will to power”. Nitzshe in his trying to lead different qualitative mind states to one basic ground, introduces the term of will to power. With the time he goes from explaining of this term to its ontological interpretation and also want to philosophically ground on these bases cult of superman. Basis of this cult:
1. Value of life is the only unconditioned value and is coincide with the level of “will to power”.
2. There is the natural difference between people because of difference of their lifepower and”will to power”
3. Strong man is inborn aristocrate, is absolutely free and dan;t use to follow any moral-law norms.
Bergson explained life as a unbrakeble creative formation. For Bergson – life is metaphysical, cosmic process, mighty flow of creative formation: with the weakening of tension, life falls apart and transforming into matter, or dispiriting mass. Man is interpritating Bergson as creative being, ability to create determinesby irrational intuition that as devine gift was given to choosen.