- •The nature of philosophical knowledge.
- •2 Philosophy as the theoretical basis of worldview.
- •Philosophy as general methodology.
- •4. Philosophy in its various representations.
- •5. Worldview. Historical forms of worldview.
- •6. The main functions and the significance of philosophy.
- •7.An outline history of philosophy. The historical stages and modes of philosophizing.
- •8. Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •9. Middle Ages: general characteristics and an account on the religious philosophy.
- •10. The Mediaeval argumentation on the universals. Nominalists and Realists
- •11. The Renaissance: the ideas of Humanism and Philosophy of Science.
- •12. The Modern Ages: transition to a new philosophy. Empiricism and Rationalism
- •13. The philosophical problem of Man, Society and State in French Enlightenment.
- •15. Kant and his critical philosophy.
- •Marxism – a new doctrine of the 19th century. The idea of alienation.
- •Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •Interlude on Russian Philosophy. The Westerners and Slavofiles.
- •29 An outline Theory of Dialectics. Historical forms of Dialectics. Dialectics and Metaphysics.
- •30. The basic categories of Dialectics.
- •The methodological significance of the Law of Negation. The progressive nature of development.
- •35. Matter: the unity and diversity of the Forms of its manifestations.
- •The philosophical conception of Man. Man as a biopsychosocial being.
- •Cosciousness: essence and origin.
- •41 Consciousness, language and communication.
- •42)The decisive role of labour operations in the formation of man and his consciousness
- •The structure of Consciousness. Self-consciousness. Reflection.
- •45.Practice as the Basis and Purpose of Cognition and the Criteria of True Knowledge.
- •46. The philosophical concept of Truth. Absolute and Relative Truth. Truth, Error and Lie
- •50. The Economic Sphere of Society’s life. Material Production: the concept and the main elements
- •The Political Sphere of Society’s Life. Politics, the State and Law.
- •55. The Structure of Social Consciousness: Moral, Legal, Political, Religious, Science, and Aesthetic Consciousness.
- •Progress as a historically necessary Direction of Society’s Development.
12. The Modern Ages: transition to a new philosophy. Empiricism and Rationalism
Starting from the XVII century rapidly develop astronomy, mathematics, mechanics; development of science could not exert any influence on philosophy. In philosophy there is the doctrine of the omnipotence of reason and infinite possibilities of scientific research. Characteristic of modern philosophy is a strong materialistic tendency, derived primarily from experimental science. Major philosophers in Europe XVII. are: - Francis Bacon (England); - S. Hobbs (England); - John Locke (England); - Descartes (France); - Spinoza (Netherlands); - Leibniz (Germany). In the philosophy of modern times a lot of attention paid to the problems of existence and substance - of ontology, especially when it comes to movement, space and time. In the philosophy of this period, there are two approaches to the concept of "substance": - The ontological understanding of substance as the base limit of existence, the founder - Francis Bacon (1561-1626); - Epistemological understanding of the concept of "substance" its need for scientific knowledge, the founder - John Locke (1632-1704). The philosophy of modern times has made a huge step in the development of the theory of knowledge (epistemology), the most important are: - Philosophical problems of scientific method; - The methodology of man's knowledge of the outside world; - External and internal communications of experience; - The problem of obtaining reliable knowledge.
There were two main epistemological directions: - Empiricism (founder - Francis Bacon)- is a theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge comes only or primarily via sensoryexperience. - Rationalism (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz)- is a method or a theory "in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive"
The basic ideas of modern philosophy: - The principle of autonomy of the thinking subject; - The principle of methodical doubt; - Inductive empirical method; - Intellectual intuition or rational-deductive method; - Hypothetico-deductive construction of a scientific theory; The main task of modern philosophy was an attempt to realize the idea of an autonomous philosophy, free from religious premises; build whole outlook on reasonable grounds and experienced, identified studies of cognitive abilities.
13. The philosophical problem of Man, Society and State in French Enlightenment.
The main desire of enlightenment was to find through the activities of the human mind the natural principles of human life (the natural religion, natural law, natural order of economic life of the Physiocrats, etc.). From the perspective of a reasonable and natural beginings was criticized all historical and actually existing forms and relations (positive religion, positive law, and so on).The ideas of enlightenment were taken and the reforms that were supposed to rebuild the whole of social life (enlightened absolutism and the French Revolution). At the beginning of the XIX century. enlightenment has caused a reaction against itself, which, on the one hand, there was a return to the old theological outlook, on the other - an appeal to the study of historical activity, which was greatly neglected by the ideologists of the XVIII century. Already in the XVIII century.attempts were made to determine the basic nature of enlightenment. Enlightenment is not the substitution of certain dogmatic ideas by other similar ideas, and independent thinking. In this sense, Kant consistently differentiated education enlightenment, and claimed that it is simply the freedom to use their own intelligence [5]. The ideas of the Enlightenment also provide the basis of political freedom and democracy as the basic values of modern society, as well as the organization of the state as a self-governing republic, religious tolerance, market forces, capitalism, the scientific method. Since the Enlightenment thinkers insist on their right to seek the truth, whatever it may be and wherever it threatened the social fabric, without being threatened to be punished for "truth."