- •The nature of philosophical knowledge.
- •2 Philosophy as the theoretical basis of worldview.
- •Philosophy as general methodology.
- •4. Philosophy in its various representations.
- •5. Worldview. Historical forms of worldview.
- •6. The main functions and the significance of philosophy.
- •7.An outline history of philosophy. The historical stages and modes of philosophizing.
- •8. Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •9. Middle Ages: general characteristics and an account on the religious philosophy.
- •10. The Mediaeval argumentation on the universals. Nominalists and Realists
- •11. The Renaissance: the ideas of Humanism and Philosophy of Science.
- •12. The Modern Ages: transition to a new philosophy. Empiricism and Rationalism
- •13. The philosophical problem of Man, Society and State in French Enlightenment.
- •15. Kant and his critical philosophy.
- •Marxism – a new doctrine of the 19th century. The idea of alienation.
- •Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •Interlude on Russian Philosophy. The Westerners and Slavofiles.
- •29 An outline Theory of Dialectics. Historical forms of Dialectics. Dialectics and Metaphysics.
- •30. The basic categories of Dialectics.
- •The methodological significance of the Law of Negation. The progressive nature of development.
- •35. Matter: the unity and diversity of the Forms of its manifestations.
- •The philosophical conception of Man. Man as a biopsychosocial being.
- •Cosciousness: essence and origin.
- •41 Consciousness, language and communication.
- •42)The decisive role of labour operations in the formation of man and his consciousness
- •The structure of Consciousness. Self-consciousness. Reflection.
- •45.Practice as the Basis and Purpose of Cognition and the Criteria of True Knowledge.
- •46. The philosophical concept of Truth. Absolute and Relative Truth. Truth, Error and Lie
- •50. The Economic Sphere of Society’s life. Material Production: the concept and the main elements
- •The Political Sphere of Society’s Life. Politics, the State and Law.
- •55. The Structure of Social Consciousness: Moral, Legal, Political, Religious, Science, and Aesthetic Consciousness.
- •Progress as a historically necessary Direction of Society’s Development.
7.An outline history of philosophy. The historical stages and modes of philosophizing.
Ancient philosophy: up to 6th century BC
Three centers of origination are known:
1. Eastern: China (18th - 12th centuries BC);
2. Middle: India (25th - 16th centuries BC);
3.Western: ancient civilizations of Chummier, Accede, the Egyptian Realm (the 3d millenium BC), Krit and Miken Realms (the 2nd millenium BC).
The Eastern philosophical-psychological paradigm: Chinese, Indian, Near- Eastern.
The Western philosophical-psychological paradigm: pre-Socratic epoch of Hellenism.
The psychological paradigm: mythologizm in interpretation of man as impersonal - cosmic, tribal - wight, lack of psychological individual signs of a human being and his conduct, prevailing of collective consciousness and at the same time lack of valid self- consciousness.
Ancient philosophy: 6th century BC - 6th century AD – ANTIQUITY.
The Eastern paradigm: Pre-Socratic period; Classic period and Hellenism of Ancient Greece.
The Western paradigm: Roman philosophy.
The psychological paradigm: man is considered as microcosm in macrocosm.
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY : the 2d-13th centuries.
This period can be devided into three stages:
Patristics, including apologetics: 2d-5th centuries.
The Early Scholasticism: 5th-12th centuries.
The Late scholasticism: 13th-14th centuries.
The Eastern paradigm: Byzantium philosophy (the 4th-15th centuries), Arabic philosophy of Near East (the 7th-12th centuries).
The Western paradigm: Latin philosophy.
The psychological paradigm: religious-theological interpretation of man’s activity, the primacy of religious faith over knowledge.
The REVIVAL (or RENAISSANCE): the 14th- 16th centuries.
There are two stages in this period:
The Early Revival, south paradigm: Italy (the 14th-15th centuries).
The Late Revival, north paradigm: France, Switzerland, Germany, England, Netherlands (the 15th-17th centuries).
The psychological paradigm is the development and prevailing of humanistic conception of man’s essence, the declaration of his Godlikeness, powerfulness over the nature.
THE MODERN AGES: the 16th-18th centuries.
The Reformation: the 16th-17th centuries.
The Enlightenment: the 18th century.
Intellect, knowledge and faith were opposed with unrestricted prevailing of intellect.
The CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY: the 19th-20th centuries.
The psychological paradigm: in the contemporary form it merges with philosophical paradigm, seeking for solving the essential basis of different states of soul-spiritual man’s activity
8. Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
In the development of ancient philosophy can be divided into four main phases. First - covers the period from 7 to 5. BC. e. This period is usually called presocratic, and philosophers, respectively - pre-Socratics. By this stage there are philosophers of Miletus schools, Heraclitus, Eleatic School, Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans, the ancient Greek atomists (Levkip and Democritus). The second phase covers the period from about half 5. until the end of 4. BC. e. It is usually characterized as a classic. This period is connected with the activities of prominent Greek philosophers Protogora, Socrates, Plato and especially Aristotle, philosophical heritage which is best summarizes and expresses the achievement of the ancient classics. Roman philosophy shaped by Greek philosophy, especially the Hellenistic period. Accordingly, in the Roman philosophy can be divided into three areas: Stoicism (Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius), Epicureanism (Titus Lucretius Carus), skepticism (sex). The third stage in the development of ancient philosophy (4 in the end. - 2. BC. E.) Commonly referred to as Hellenistic. In contrast to the classical stage, associated with the emergence of significant, deep in their content of philosophical systems, at this time there is a series of philosophical schools: Peripatetics, academic philosophy (Plato's Academy), Stoic and Epicurean schools skepticism. Eminent philosophers of this period were Theophrastus, Epicurus and Carneades. However, for all of these schools was characterized by the transition from kommentatorstva teachings of Plato and Aristotle to the problems of ethics, moralistic revelations in the era of decline and fall of Hellenic culture. The fourth phase of ancient philosophy (1. BC. E. - 5-6 cc. N. E.) Accounts for the period, when a crucial role in the ancient world was playing Rome, under whose influence reaches Greece. Rome and philosophy shaped by Greek philosophy, especially the Hellenistic period. Accordingly, in the Roman philosophy can be divided into three areas: Stoicism (Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius), Epicureanism (Titus Lucretius Carus), skepticism (Sextus Empiricus). This period is connected with the activities of prominent Greek philosophers Protogora, Socrates, Plato and especially Aristotle, philosophical heritage which is best summarizes and expresses the achievement of the ancient classics. In 3-4 century. Mr. e. in Roman philosophy emerges and develops Neo-Platonism, the most prominent representative was Plato. Neoplatonism had a profound impact not only on the early Christian philosophy, but the whole of medieval philosophy.