- •The nature of philosophical knowledge.
- •2 Philosophy as the theoretical basis of worldview.
- •Philosophy as general methodology.
- •4. Philosophy in its various representations.
- •5. Worldview. Historical forms of worldview.
- •6. The main functions and the significance of philosophy.
- •7.An outline history of philosophy. The historical stages and modes of philosophizing.
- •8. Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •9. Middle Ages: general characteristics and an account on the religious philosophy.
- •10. The Mediaeval argumentation on the universals. Nominalists and Realists
- •11. The Renaissance: the ideas of Humanism and Philosophy of Science.
- •12. The Modern Ages: transition to a new philosophy. Empiricism and Rationalism
- •13. The philosophical problem of Man, Society and State in French Enlightenment.
- •15. Kant and his critical philosophy.
- •Marxism – a new doctrine of the 19th century. The idea of alienation.
- •Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •Interlude on Russian Philosophy. The Westerners and Slavofiles.
- •29 An outline Theory of Dialectics. Historical forms of Dialectics. Dialectics and Metaphysics.
- •30. The basic categories of Dialectics.
- •The methodological significance of the Law of Negation. The progressive nature of development.
- •35. Matter: the unity and diversity of the Forms of its manifestations.
- •The philosophical conception of Man. Man as a biopsychosocial being.
- •Cosciousness: essence and origin.
- •41 Consciousness, language and communication.
- •42)The decisive role of labour operations in the formation of man and his consciousness
- •The structure of Consciousness. Self-consciousness. Reflection.
- •45.Practice as the Basis and Purpose of Cognition and the Criteria of True Knowledge.
- •46. The philosophical concept of Truth. Absolute and Relative Truth. Truth, Error and Lie
- •50. The Economic Sphere of Society’s life. Material Production: the concept and the main elements
- •The Political Sphere of Society’s Life. Politics, the State and Law.
- •55. The Structure of Social Consciousness: Moral, Legal, Political, Religious, Science, and Aesthetic Consciousness.
- •Progress as a historically necessary Direction of Society’s Development.
35. Matter: the unity and diversity of the Forms of its manifestations.
Matter is a basic philosophical concept; its interpretation determines the approach to practically all the other philosophical problems. Etymologically, the term goes back to Latin materia "substance”. This "substantial" meaning of the term survived until the 20th century; then a revolution took place in physics which signified the crisis of the one-sided interpretation of matter based on obligatory sense perception, which was the essence of the concept of metaphysical materialism.
The unity and diversity of all the forms of manifestation of matter can only be understood on a historical approach, through generalization of the experiences of scientific and philosophical knowledge. Matter in the form of atoms and motion in vacuum were the two main principles of Newtonian mechanics.
Newton's classical mechanics stated that such fundamental properties of matter as mass and volume are absolutely immutable, basic, and not conditioned by anything.
The category of matter had to be freed from the allegedly inalienable links with the concept of substance, and then given a definition that would reflect its really universal content.
The concept of matter as objective reality is identical with that of the single substance with all its properties, laws of structure and functioning, movement and development.
The "continuous" forms of matter include fields, i.e. matter without rest mass. Fields connect the particles of matter, enabling them to interact and therefore to exist.
All the contradictions in the views of the structure of matter arising in science are the result of the relativity of our knowledge about objective reality.
The philosophical conception of Man. Man as a biopsychosocial being.
The peculiarity of human being is characterized by the unit of three dimensions of being. Each man is a sensible and reasonable being (body); he is an individual being of Homo Sapiens Species, the result of biological evolution; he is a social-historical being having his personality. All this determines the specific character of Human being, his objectivity. Every individual represents himself as a reality, existing together with his consciousness. People do not simply exist in the world. They a great deal influence both the world and themselves, they philosophize on the problem of being, worry for its future, for their own role in the system of being, they try to be worth of it.
Man is a biopsychosocial creature. Society influences on the formation of personality. All that distinguishes man from the rest of the world, nature - the mind, will, character, consciousness, needs, abilities - are formed directly in the society. Culture of human pushed inherent animal instincts. In psychology there are accumulated numerous proves of the importance of psychosocial factors of the formation of identity - from the features of interaction between mother and newborn child to the position of man in society. But not always observed differences in behavior (in the reactions of people on the same processes, differences in the behavior of young children, etc.) due to human past. Hence, as well as general biology, evolution faced with the task of new disciplines, namely, biological, "natural" bases of the variability of psychological traits. Per person affects the surrounding nature, and man affects nature, the society also affects a person. Karl Marx said that "no consciousness of men that determines their being, but on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness. But in reality, the person also has an impact on society.