- •The nature of philosophical knowledge.
- •2 Philosophy as the theoretical basis of worldview.
- •Philosophy as general methodology.
- •4. Philosophy in its various representations.
- •5. Worldview. Historical forms of worldview.
- •6. The main functions and the significance of philosophy.
- •7.An outline history of philosophy. The historical stages and modes of philosophizing.
- •8. Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •9. Middle Ages: general characteristics and an account on the religious philosophy.
- •10. The Mediaeval argumentation on the universals. Nominalists and Realists
- •11. The Renaissance: the ideas of Humanism and Philosophy of Science.
- •12. The Modern Ages: transition to a new philosophy. Empiricism and Rationalism
- •13. The philosophical problem of Man, Society and State in French Enlightenment.
- •15. Kant and his critical philosophy.
- •Marxism – a new doctrine of the 19th century. The idea of alienation.
- •Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •Interlude on Russian Philosophy. The Westerners and Slavofiles.
- •29 An outline Theory of Dialectics. Historical forms of Dialectics. Dialectics and Metaphysics.
- •30. The basic categories of Dialectics.
- •The methodological significance of the Law of Negation. The progressive nature of development.
- •35. Matter: the unity and diversity of the Forms of its manifestations.
- •The philosophical conception of Man. Man as a biopsychosocial being.
- •Cosciousness: essence and origin.
- •41 Consciousness, language and communication.
- •42)The decisive role of labour operations in the formation of man and his consciousness
- •The structure of Consciousness. Self-consciousness. Reflection.
- •45.Practice as the Basis and Purpose of Cognition and the Criteria of True Knowledge.
- •46. The philosophical concept of Truth. Absolute and Relative Truth. Truth, Error and Lie
- •50. The Economic Sphere of Society’s life. Material Production: the concept and the main elements
- •The Political Sphere of Society’s Life. Politics, the State and Law.
- •55. The Structure of Social Consciousness: Moral, Legal, Political, Religious, Science, and Aesthetic Consciousness.
- •Progress as a historically necessary Direction of Society’s Development.
45.Practice as the Basis and Purpose of Cognition and the Criteria of True Knowledge.
We have a cognitive activity of man as the universal subject of knowledge is a unique element that tends to bind in a perfect (opinion) and materials (subject-action exhibits). This element - the practice. Due to its properties such practice appears to be able to truly effective and efficient criterion of truth.
The criterion of truth (Greek yardstick for assessing of human.) - a means of verifying the truth or falsity of any statements, hypotheses, theoretical construction and so-called truth criteria etc is a social practice (Theory and Practice). Scientific theories receive their final test with the practice: in material production, in the revolutionary activities of the masses to the reconstruction of the Society, etc. If the theory is successfully applied in practice, it means that it is true. Methods of verification of a theory of practice may be different. For example, any hypotheses in the natural sciences are confirmed in the experiment connected with observations, measurements, with mathematical processing of the results. Often practical test is carried out by mediated way. However, in practice, verification of scientific theories does not mean turning them into an absolution, scientific theories are developing, enriching, refinding, some their states are replaced by new (absolute and relative truth). This is due to the fact that the very public practice, and consequently, ways of comparison of scientific theories connected with reality through the practice is constantly developing, improving. Therefore, only developing social practice can fully confirm or disprove this or that human performance
46. The philosophical concept of Truth. Absolute and Relative Truth. Truth, Error and Lie
Truth has a variety of meanings, such as the state of being in accord with fact or reality. It can also mean having fidelity to an original or to a standard or ideal. In a common usage, it also means onstancy or sincerity in action or character. The direct opposite of truth is falsehood, which can correspondingly take logical, factual or ethical meanings
"Absolute truth" is defined as inflexible reality: fixed, invariable, unalterable facts. For example, it is a fixed, invariable, unalterable fact that there are absolutely no square circles and there are absolutely no round squares
The popular postmodern view today is that truth is relative.
50. The Economic Sphere of Society’s life. Material Production: the concept and the main elements
Society as an extremely complex whole is divided into certain spheres. Let us single out four principal ones here: the economic or basic sphere, which is the ultimate determinant of all the social processes in their historical development, the social, political, and intellectual spheres.;
. Society could not exist, without the continuous process of production. The meaning of social production consists in the fact that man as a social being is reproduced, under historically given conditions, in this process. Social production or, which is the same thing, the production of social life, has its own structure, covering intellectual production, production of man himself, and material production. Material production is the basic element in the structure of social production, for it is here that the material conditions \of men's being are reproduced as a fundamental condition of human history proper and men's very ability to make history.
Man cannot be satisfied with what nature provides for him in ready-made form. By combining their labor with what is given by nature and using its laws, people create things nonexistent in nature. In the process, material wealth is created. Material production is thus the labor activity of men who transform nature, using the necessary tools, in order to create material wealth meant to satisfy human needs.
. Material production has two sides: productive forces and production relations. The people who implement the process of production are the subject of labour. They are the principal and the decisive element in the productive forces. Apart from this, the realization of the process of production requires the material with which to begin, or the object of labour which is subjected to processing. Land, mineral deposits, metals, etc., can all be objects of labor. But, to process an object of labor in order to transform it into the necessary product, certain implements must be applied.