42)The decisive role of labour operations in the formation of man and his consciousness

was materially expressed in the fact that the brain as an organ of consciousness developed simultaneously with the development of the hand as an organ of labour. It was the hand, the "receiving" (or coming directly in touch with things) organ, that gave instructive lessons to other sense organs, such as the eye. The actively operating hand taught the head to think even before it be­came a tool doing the will of the head which plans practical actions in advance. In the development of labour activity, and above all in the perfection of the hand, tactile sensations were specified and en­riched, and the ability developed for perceiving the finest nuances of human speech sounds. The logic of practical actions was re­corded in the head and transformed into the logic of thought: man learnt to think. Before tackling some job, he was already mentally able to visualize its result, the mode of its realization, and the instru­ments of achieving that result. "A spider conducts operations that resemble those of a weaver," wrote Marx, "and a bee puts to shame many an architect in the construction of her cells. But what distin­guishes the worst architect from the best of bees is this, that the architect raises his structure in imagination before he erects it in re­ality. At the end of every labour-process, we get a result that already existed in the imagination of the labourer at its commencement."¹ Of course, the bee's instinct containing the "design" of a cell is present in the bee's psyche, but, as distinct from man, the resuIt of its labour is present in an instinct rather than in an illumined field of consciousness.

Along with the emergence of labour, man and human society evolved. Collective labour presupposed cooperation among people "and thus a division, however elementary, of labour actions among its participants: some kept up the fire, others prepared food, still others hunted, there were those who dug up roots, etc. A division of labour effort is only possible if the participants perceive, in one way or another, the connection between their actions and those of the other members of the collective, and thus their bearing on the at­tainment of the ultimate goal. The formation of the consciousness of man is linked with the emergence of social relations which signify the subordination of the individual's life to a socially fixed system of needs, duties, and disciplined conduct, all expressed in and regu­lated by language, historically shaped customs and mores.

43. The structure of Consciousness. Self-consciousness. Reflection.

Consciousness can with some degree be roughly divided into 3 parts: mind, emotions and will.

Mind - the main part of consciousness. By definition, a man is rational being. Mind - is a condition and a consequence of cognitive activity, which can be carried out rationally and irrationally. The mind can take the form of fantasy, imagination and logic. Mind provides a mutual understanding of people that is necessary for their communication and collaboration.

Feelings - this condition and a consequence of the election relations of man to the world. All that is in the world causes positive and negative emotions, or a neutral attitude of person. This is due to the fact that something useful to man, something harmful, but something indifferent, something in the world is beautiful, something is ugly. As a result, a man is forming a rich emotional world, because all that is happening in the world has a different degree of importance and different character of importance for a man. Emotions and feelings express the valuation relationship to the world. The variety of feelings and emotions reflect in the vocabulary of language. There are several hundred words, the contents of which are feelings and emotions. Poverty of the individual human dictionary shows the emotional poverty of his consciousness, and hence personality.

Will - part of consciousness, which provides achievement of pre-set goals through the mobilization of forces needed to achieve them. Man, unlike the animal, is able to look into the future and consciously with the help of will form the desired option of the future. Will is necessary to concentrate attention on one or another thoughts, feelings, actions, objects of the external world. Will is also necessary to oppose the unfavourable effects, to ensure mental stability. Lack of will make a person incapable of opposing unfavourable effects and inability to achieve the goals because of the inability to make choices and focus on a given direction.

Self-consciousness is the cognition of consciousness by consciousness itself, the reflection of consciousness about itself. Self-consciousness is a condition that consciousness maintains itself over time - keeping himself as one and the same consciousness. In a strictly philosophical sense, consciousness is always - it can neither start nor an end, as in the strictly philosophical sense, it is understood as the condition itself constituting the world as the very way of life and the givens of the world. Accordingly, the identity is understood as lying at the basis of the unity of all consciousness of the subject.