- •The nature of philosophical knowledge.
- •2 Philosophy as the theoretical basis of worldview.
- •Philosophy as general methodology.
- •4. Philosophy in its various representations.
- •5. Worldview. Historical forms of worldview.
- •6. The main functions and the significance of philosophy.
- •7.An outline history of philosophy. The historical stages and modes of philosophizing.
- •8. Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •9. Middle Ages: general characteristics and an account on the religious philosophy.
- •10. The Mediaeval argumentation on the universals. Nominalists and Realists
- •11. The Renaissance: the ideas of Humanism and Philosophy of Science.
- •12. The Modern Ages: transition to a new philosophy. Empiricism and Rationalism
- •13. The philosophical problem of Man, Society and State in French Enlightenment.
- •15. Kant and his critical philosophy.
- •Marxism – a new doctrine of the 19th century. The idea of alienation.
- •Philosophy of Antiquity. General characteristics of schools and philosophical systems.
- •Interlude on Russian Philosophy. The Westerners and Slavofiles.
- •29 An outline Theory of Dialectics. Historical forms of Dialectics. Dialectics and Metaphysics.
- •30. The basic categories of Dialectics.
- •The methodological significance of the Law of Negation. The progressive nature of development.
- •35. Matter: the unity and diversity of the Forms of its manifestations.
- •The philosophical conception of Man. Man as a biopsychosocial being.
- •Cosciousness: essence and origin.
- •41 Consciousness, language and communication.
- •42)The decisive role of labour operations in the formation of man and his consciousness
- •The structure of Consciousness. Self-consciousness. Reflection.
- •45.Practice as the Basis and Purpose of Cognition and the Criteria of True Knowledge.
- •46. The philosophical concept of Truth. Absolute and Relative Truth. Truth, Error and Lie
- •50. The Economic Sphere of Society’s life. Material Production: the concept and the main elements
- •The Political Sphere of Society’s Life. Politics, the State and Law.
- •55. The Structure of Social Consciousness: Moral, Legal, Political, Religious, Science, and Aesthetic Consciousness.
- •Progress as a historically necessary Direction of Society’s Development.
9. Middle Ages: general characteristics and an account on the religious philosophy.
The philosophy of the Middle Ages - is primarily a philosophy of feudal society, which is characterized by the dominance of theology and religion. The main part of the feudal culture was religion. The clergy was the only educated class, so the law, science, philosophy, were brought into line with the teachings of the church. -In Europe was the dominant Christian religion, opposing numerous scattered feudal states his strict centralized control over the minds and souls. The source of philosophical speculation were the dogmas of the Holy Scriptures. For the philosophy of the Middle Ages was characterized theocentrism - turning to God, his essence as a root cause and first principle of the world. Scholastics (from the Greek. Schole - school) - is a medieval Christian philosophy, which prevailed in the school teaching and entirely dependent on theology. The main purpose of scholasticism - justification, defense and systematization of religious dogma by abstract, logical way.
The main themes of medieval philosophy: 1) theocentrism - the principle according to which God is the center of the medieval philosophical and religious beliefs; 2) Monotheism - God is one and unique, unlike the ancient gods; 3) creationism - the doctrine, which refers to the creation of the world by God from nothing, and give an answer to another question in the antiquity of how from a single multiple birth; 4) symbolism - the principle of understanding the world as the other being, world of God; 5) medieval anthropocentrism - according to it a man - is a creature created by, the ruler of all creation to him. The main problem of philosophy, in the opinion of the sages of the Middle Ages - not the cosmos, but the man. 6) Medieval hermeneutics - the art of interpreting texts.
10. The Mediaeval argumentation on the universals. Nominalists and Realists
The problem of the nature of the general concepts - Universal - decided to fight two directions - realism and nominalizm. Realism - the philosophical doctrine in which the real truth of existence are not changing.temporary material things, but the general concepts or universals, because they are things to like the idea of an eternal divine mind. That is the only real basis of existence of things - the general idea of the divine intelligence that exist in things as their essence, and in after things - as an abstract concept in the human mind. There is a single. Type of involvement, and type - to the family. Realism was based on the idealistic ideas of Plato and Neoplatonist, developed with their doctrinal position. He answered most of the principle of scholasticism to think and to disclose the religious tenets of the means of human reason. What generally is the notion, so realistic, objectively, its existence as a special character. The most common notion is the concept of God. Representatives of realism - Anselm of Canterbury, Albert the Great. Positioned moderate realism was Thomas Aquinas. Nominalism demonstrated the opposite approach to universal. The general concept understood as names that define a real one-off things that are God's creation. Outstanding Representative nominalizm William of Ockham treated the world as a set of individual objects. Universals (general concept) exist only in human consciousness. knowledge, as a sign that replaces items. or quality. that are similar to each other. Nominalism orient knowledge on single items empirical world, and then this direction is medieval philosophy contributed to the research, empirical approach to the knowledge of the world, Roger Bacon, and later in the XVI century., A prerequisite for the empirical philosophy of Francis Bacon.