Образование грамматических конструкций

I/you/we/they like.

Do you like?

You don't like.

Present continuous

I am going.

She/he/it is going.

Are you going?

I am not going.

She isn't going.

Present perfect

I/you/we/they have left.

Have they left?

They haven't left.

Present perfect continuous

I/you/we/they have been waiting.

Have you been waiting?

We haven't been waiting.

She/he/it likes. Does she like? He doesn't like.

You/we/they are going. Am I going? Is she going? You aren't going.

She/he/it has left. Has she left? He hasn't left.

She/he/it has been waiting. Has she been waiting? He hasn't been waiting.

Past simple

1. I/you/she/he/it/we/they started. (Regular) Did you start?

You didn't start.

2. I/you/she/he/it/we/they went. (Irregular) Did you go?

You didn't go.

Past continuous I/she/he/it was going. Was he going? She wasn't' going.

You/we/they were going. Were you going? You weren't going.

Past perfect

I/you/she/he/it/we/they had left. Had he left? They hadn't left. Past perfect continuous I/you/she/he/it/we/they had been waiting. Had they been waiting? He hadn't been waiting. Future perfect

I/you/she/he/it/we/they will have finished. Will they have finished? They won't have finished.

Future perfect continuous

I/you/she/he/it/we/they will have been waiting.

Will they have been waiting?

They won't have been waiting.

Will

See Units 4 and 19.

2. Indirect Speech

'I always drink milk.'

I'm leaving.'

I'll be back soon.'

I've forgotten it.'

'I took it.'

'I was reading.'

'I had left by then.'

'I must go.'

'I can help.'

'I would like to help.'

'If I had a car, I'd go.'

3. Passive tenses

He helps.

He is helping.

He has helped.

He helped.

He was helping.

He will help.

He will have helped.

4. Infinitives

Present:

Passive:

Past:

Past passive:

5. Participles (-ing forms)

Present:

Present passive:

Past:

Past passive:

He said that he always drank milk.

She said she was leaving.

He said he would be back soon.

She said she had forgotten it.

He said he had taken it.

She said she had been reading.

She said she had left by then.

She said she had to go/must go.

He said he could help.

She said she would like to help.

He said that if he had a car he would go.

He is helped.

He is being helped.

He has been helped.

He has helped.

He was being helped.

He will be helped.

He will have been helped.

to like

to be liked

to have liked

to have been liked

liking being liked having liked having been liked

Инфинитив

Прошедшее время

Причастие прошедшего времени

Основное

значение

be

become

begin

break [breik]

bring

build [bild]

burn [bə:n]

buy

catch [kæt∫]

choose [t∫u:z]

come [km]

cost

cut [kt]

do [du:]

draw [dro:]

dream [dri:m]

drink

drive [draiv]

eat

fall [fo:l]

feel [fi:l]

fight [fait]

find [faind]

fly [flai]

forget

forgive

freeze

get

give

go

grow [grə]

hang [hæŋ]

have

hear [hiə]

hide [haid]

hold [həld]

hurt [hə:t]

keep

know

lay [lei]

lead [li:d]

learn [lə:n]

leave [li:v]

lend

let

lie [lai]

lose [lu:z]

make [meik]

mean [mi:n]

meet [mi:t]

pay [pei]

put [pt]

read [ri:d]

ring [riŋ]

rise [raiz]

run [ran]

say [sei]

see [si:]

sell [sel]

send

set

shake [∫eik]

shine [∫ain]

shoot [∫t]

show

shut [∫at]

sing

sit

sleep

speak [spi:k]

spend

spread [spred]

stand

steal [sti:l]

swim

take

teach

tear [teə]

tell

think

throw [rə]

understand

wake [weik]

wear [weə]

win [win]

write [rait]

was/were [o/ə:]

became

began

broke [brək]

brought [bro:t]

built [bilt]

burnt [bə:nt]

bought [bo:t]

caught [ko:t]

chose [t∫əz]

came [keim]

cost

cut [kt]

did

drew [dru:]

dreamt [dremt]

drank

drove [drəv]

ate [æt]

fell

felt [felt]

fought [fo:t]

found [fand]

flew [flu:]

forgot

forgave

froze

got

gave

went

grew [gru:]

hung [hŋ]

had

heard [hə:d]

hid [hid]

held [held]

hurt [hə:t]

kept

knew [nju:]

laid [leid]

led [led]

learnt [lə:nt]

left [left]

lent

let

lay [lei]

lost [lost]

made [meid]

meant [ment]

met [met]

paid [peid]

put [pt]

read [red]

rang [ræŋ]

rose [rəz]

ran [ræn]

said [sed]

saw [so:]

sold [səld]

sent

set

shook [∫k]

shone [∫ən]

shot [∫ot]

showed

shut [∫at]

sang

sat

slept

spoke [spək]

spent

spread [spred]

stood

stole [stəl]

swam

took

taught [to:t]

tore [to:]

told [təld]

thought [o:t]

threw [ru:]

understood

woke [wək]

wore [wo:]

won [wan]

wrote [rət]

been

become

begun

broken ['brəkən]

brought [bro:t]

built [bilt]

burnt [bə:nt]

bought [bo:t]

caught [ko:t]

chosen ['t∫əzən]

come [km]

cost

cut [kt]

done [dn]

drawn [dro:n]

dreamt [dremt]

drunk

driven ['drivən]

eaten

fallen

felt [felt]

fought [fo:t]

found [fand]

flown [flən]

forgotten

forgiven

frozen

got

given

gone

grown [grən]

hung [hŋ]

had

heard [hə:d]

hidden [hidn]

held [held]

hurt [hə:t]

kept

known

laid [leid]

led [led]

learnt [lə:nt]

left [left]

lent

let

lain [lein]

lost [lost]

made [meid]

meant [ment]

met [met]

paid [peid]

put [pt]

read [red]

rung [raŋ]

risen ['rizən]

run [ran]

said [sed]

seen [si:n]

sold [səld]

sent

set

shaken [∫eikn]

shone [∫ən]

shot [∫ot]

shown

shut [∫at]

sung

sat

slept

spoken [spəkn]

spent

spread [spred]

stood

stolen ['stələn]

swum

taken

taught [to:t]

torn [to:n]

told [təld]

thought [o:t]

thrown [rən]

understood

woken [wəkn]

worn [wo:n]

won [wan]

written

быть

становиться

начинать

ломать

приносить

строить

жечь

покупать

ловить

выбирать

приходить

стоить

резать

делать

рисовать

мечтать

пить

ехать

кушать

падать

чувствовать

сражаться

находить

летать

забывать

прощать

замораживать

получать

давать

идти

расти

висеть

иметь

слышать

прятаться

держать

причинять боль

хранить

знать

класть

вести

учить

оставлять

одолжить

позволять

лежать

терять

делать

подразумевать

встречать

платить

класть

читать

звонить

подниматься

бежать

сказать

видеть

продавать

посылать

ставить, класть

трясти

светить

стрелять

показывать

закрывать

петь

сидеть

спать

говорить

тратить

распространяться

стоять

воровать

плавать

брать

учить

разрывать

рассказывать

думать

бросать

понимать

просыпаться

носить

выигрывать

писать

can

could

• I can go out tonight. (= there is nothing to stop me)

• I can't go out tonight.

• I could go out tonight. (but I'm not very keen)

• I couldn't go out last night. (= I wasn't able)

can or may

Can

I go out tonight? (= do you allow me to go out?)

May

will/won't

would

• I think I'll go out tonight.

• I promise I won't go out.

• I would go out tonight but I've got too much to do.

• I promised I wouldn't go out.

shall

• Shall I go out tonight? (= do you think it is a good idea?)

should or ought to

should

• I go out tonight. (= it would be a good thing to do)

ought to

must

needn't

• I must go out tonight. (= it is necessary)

• I mustn't go out tonight. (= it is necessary that I do not go out)

• I needn't go out tonight. (= it is not necessary that I go out)

could would should or ought to needn't

• I could have gone out last night but I decided to stay at home. • I would have gone out last night but I had too much to do.

should

• I have gone out last night. I m sorry I didn't.

ought to

• I needn't have gone out last night. (= I went out but it was not necessary)

will

would

• What time will she be here?' 'She'll be here soon.'

• She would be here now but she has been delayed.

should or

ought to

should

• She be here soon. (= I expect she will be here soon)

ought to

may or

might or

could

may

• She might be here now. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she is here)

could

must

can't

• She must be here. I saw her come in. (= I'm sure - there is no other possibility)

• She can't possibly be here. I know for certain that she's away on holiday.

will

would

• She will have arrived by now.

• She would have arrived earlier but she was delayed.

should or

ought to

should

• I wonder where she is. She have arrived by now.

ought to

may or

might or

could

may

• She might have arrived. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she has arrived)

could

must

can't

• She must have arrived by now. ( I'm sure - there is no other possibility)

• She can't possibly have arrived yet. It's much too early. (= it's impossible)

unit

3

4

18

BRITISH

The present perfect is used for an action in the past with a result now:

• I've lost my key. Have you seen it?

• Sally isn't here. She's gone out.

The present perfect is used with just, already and yet:

• I'm not hungry. I've just had lunch.

• A: What time is he leaving?

B: He has already left.

• Have you finished your work yet?

have a bath / have a shower

Will or shall can be used with I/we:

• I will/shall be late this evening.

The questions shall I...? and shall we...? are used to ask for advice etc.:

• Which way shall we go?

You can use needn't (do) or don't

need to (do):

• We needn't hurry.

or We don't need to hurry.

After demand, insist etc. you can use should:

• I demanded that he should apologise.

• We insisted that something should be done about the problem.

AMERICAN

The present perfect OR past simple can be used:

• I've lost my key. Have you seen it?

or I lost my key. Did you see it?

She's gone out.

• Sally isn't here.

She went out.

The present perfect OR past simple can be used:

I've just had lunch.

• I'm not hungry.

I just had lunch.

• A: What time is he leaving?

He has already left. B:

He already left.

• Have you finished your work yet? or Did you finish your work yet?

take a bath / take a shower

Shall is unusual:

• I will be late this evening. Should I...? and should we...? are used to ask for advice etc.:

• Which way should we go?

Needn't is unusual. The usual form is don't need to:

• We don't need to hurry.

The subjunctive is normally used. Should is unusual after demand, insist etc.:

• I demanded that he apologize*.

• We insisted that something be done about the problem.

unit

BRITISH

British speakers say 'to/in hospital' (without 'the'):

• Three people were injured and taken to hospital.

Nouns like government/team/family

etc. can have a singular or plural verb:

• The team is/are playing well.

at the weekend / at weekends:

Will you be here at the weekend?

in a street:

• Do you live in this street?

different from or different to:

• It was different from (or to) what I'd expected.

write to somebody:

• Please write to me soon.

AMERICAN

American speakers say 'to/in the hospital':

• Three people were injured and taken to the hospital.

These nouns normally take a singular verb in American English:

• The team is playing well.

on the weekend / on weekends:

• Will you be here on the weekend?

on a street:

• Do you live on this street?

different from or different than:

• It was different from (or than) what I'd expected.

write (to) somebody (with or without 'to'):

• Please write (to) me soon.

основ-ные формы глаго-лов

BRITISH

The verbs in this section (burn, spoil etc.) can be regular or irregular (burned or burnt, spoiled or spoilt etc.).

The past participle of get is got:

• Your English has got much better.

(= has become much better) Have got is also an alternative to have:

• I've got two brothers. (= I have two brothers.)

travel → travelling / travelled cancel→ cancelling / cancelled

AMERICAN

The verbs in this section are normally regular (burned, spoiled etc.).

The past participle of get is gotten:

• Your English has gotten much better.

Have got = have (as in British English):

• I've got two brothers.

travel → traveling / traveled cancel → canceling / canceled

simple

continuous

present

I do

present simple (Units 1, 4-5)

• Ann often plays tennis.

• I work in a bank but I don't enjoy it very much.

• Do you like parties?

• It doesn't rain much in summer.

I am doing

present continuous (=> Units 1, 4-5)

• 'Where's Ann?' 'She's playing tennis.'

• Please don't disturb me now. I'm working.

• Hello. Are you enjoying the party?

• It isn't raining at the moment.

present perfect

I have done

present perfect (= Units 1, 3)

• Ann has played tennis many times.

• I've lost my key. Have you seen it anywhere?

• How long have they known each other?

• 'Is it still raining?' 'No, it has stopped.'

• The house is dirty. We haven't cleaned it for weeks.

I have been doing

present perfect continuous (=> Units 1, 3)

• Ann is very tired. She has been playing tennis.

• You're out of breath. Have you been running?

• How long have they been learning English?

• It's still raining. It has been raining all day.

• I haven't been feeling well recently. Perhaps I should go to the doctor.

past

I did

past simple (=> Units 1-3)

• Ann played tennis yesterday afternoon.

• I lost my key a few days ago.

• There was a film on TV last night but we didn't watch it.

• What did you do when you finished work yesterday?

I was doing

past continuous (=>Units 1-2)

• I saw Ann in the park yesterday. She

was playing tennis.

• I dropped my key when I was trying

to open the door.

• The television was on but we weren't

watching it.

• What were you doing at this time

yesterday?

past perfect

I had done

past perfect (=> Units 1-2)

• It wasn't her first game of tennis. She had played many times before.

• I couldn't get into the house because I had lost my key.

• The house was dirty because we hadn't cleaned it for weeks.

I had been doing

past perfect continuous (=> Unit 1)

• Ann was tired yesterday evening because she had been playing tennis in the afternoon.

• George decided to go to the doctor because he hadn't been feeling well.