Англ(2курс, 2 семестр)
.pdf11.industries of London?
12.the history of Ireland and the Irish people?
13.the national emblems of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland?
93.State whether the following sentences are true or false. Why\why not?
a)Approximately 46 million people of the population of the UK live in Scotland.
b)The coasts of England are washed by the N o r t h Sea, the Irish Sea, the English Channel, and the Strait of Dover.
c)England is mostly an upland country. There are lowland regions in the north and the southwest, but the rest of England is almost flat.
d)The wool industry is centered in Leeds and Manchester, the cotton industry in Bradford, iron ore goes to the steel, heavy machinery and shipbuilding industries of Newcastle and other cities.
e)There is no opportunity for development of farming, so England is a country of heavy machinery and shipbuilding industries.
f)Scotland takes up one fifth of the territory of the British Isles.
g)Scotland is bounded by the North Sea on the east and by the English Channel on the west.
h)The oil centre of Scotland is situated in Glasgow.
i)The names George Gordon Byron and Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson are associated with Edinburgh, because they used to live create in this city.
j)The Act of Union proclaimed Wales to be part of England in 1536.
k)People of Wales live on a shoestring, because the unemployment is a real problem for this country.
l)The capital of Wales Aberdeen is situated near the mouth of the Taff River.
m)Wales has its own flag called the Welsh thistle.
n)'Ulster' is the second name of Northern Ireland.
o)Ireland was a colony of Britain for about five centuries.
p)Ben Nevis is the highest point the Mourne Mountains in Wales.
q)More than a half of population of Wales lives in countryside.
r)Belfast, the capital of Northern Irelands, is the leading industrial centre and a large port.
Language Focus
94. Explain the meaning of the following words and word combinations in English and use them in situations of your own.
densely populated |
resistance |
lowland country |
thistle |
upland regions |
separate principality |
dale |
unemployment rate |
farm land |
revival |
land link |
province |
boundary |
colony |
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harsh climate |
forcefully partitioned |
to border on |
dominion |
rig |
proclaimed |
kilt |
reunification |
relic |
deprivation |
clan |
plateau |
fortified castle |
harp |
densely populated |
resistance |
lowland country |
thistle |
95. Give the synonyms for the following words.
Boundary, rig, relic, resistance, revival, province, proclaim, reunification, harsh.
96. Match the words with their definitions.
1. kilt |
a. a wild plant with leaves with sharp points and purple, yellow |
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or white flowers made up of a mass of narrow petals pointing |
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upwards. The national symbol of Scotland. |
2. relic |
b. an area of flat land that is higher than the land around it |
3. dale |
c. an area controlled by one ruler |
4. thistle |
d. a country or an area that is governed by people from another, |
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more powerful, country |
5. dominion |
e. a skirt made of tartan cloth that reaches to the knees and is |
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traditionally worn by Scottish men; a similar skirt worn by |
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women |
6. proclaim |
f. the act of using force to oppose smb/smth |
7. deprivation |
g. the act of people etc. coming together after they have been |
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apart for some time |
8. plateau |
h. to tell people about smth important publicly and officially |
9. resistance |
i. a valley, especially in northern England |
10. colony |
j. the process of smth becoming or being made popular or |
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fashionable again |
11. revival |
k. an object, a tradition, etc. that has survived from a period of |
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time that no longer exists |
12. reunification |
l. the fact of not having smth that you need, like enough food, |
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money or a home |
97. Name the Cities. See if you can find the names of the cities by putting together the jumbled word pieces correctly in pairs.
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98. Surf the Internet to learn what country the sight given below belongs to. World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
England |
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Scotland |
Wales |
Northern Ireland |
Edinburgh Old Town and New Town |
Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I |
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Heart of Neolithic Orkney |
in Gwynedd |
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Skara Brae |
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Caernarfon Castle |
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Standing Stones of Stenness |
Conwy Castle |
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New Lanark |
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Jurassic Coast |
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Blenheim Palace |
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Frontiers of the Roman Empire (Hadrian's |
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Canterbury Cathedral |
Wall) |
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St. Augustine's Abbey |
Kew Gardens |
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St. Martin's Church |
Liverpool |
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Westminster Palace |
Maritime Greenwich |
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Westminster Abbey |
Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey |
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St. Margaret's Church |
Tower of London |
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Saltaire |
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Bath |
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Stonehenge and Avebury |
Harlech Castle |
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St. Kilda |
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Blaenavon |
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Giant's Causeway |
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Cornwall and West Devon Mining |
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Ironbridge Gorge |
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Landscape |
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Derwent Valley Mills |
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Durham Castle and Cathedral |
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99. Crossword Puzzles. All the answers to this alphabet crossword begin with the letter E.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Across:
1)a festival of Welsh culture.
2)one of the commonest trees in Scotland.
3)a branch of biology which deals with relations of living things to their surroundings.
4)One of the countries of Great Britain.
5)another name of the Irish Republic.
6)the capital city of Scotland.
7)citizens of England.
Down:
1) one of the major industries in South Wales.
4) one of the most important industries in Glasgow.
6) one of the three parts of London.
It is interesting to know…
The way in which British surnames have developed is very complicated. Before the Normans arrived, the use of surnames wasn't really known. Many English surnames were originally connected with a person's job—Charles Baker, Margaret Thatcher; someone's height—Jack Long, Mary Little; or a family relationship—Robin Williamson (Robin, son of William), Peter Richardson. The most common Welsh surnames were all originally Christian names in some form: Dylan Thomas, Roger Davies (a form of David), Geoffrey Jones (from John), David Williams, etc. Many other names come from the tradition of calling a child 'son of his father using the Welsh word ap (or ab). This 'p' can be found at the beginning of many common Welsh names, such as Gary Pritchard, which is the same as the English Richardson. Other examples are Prees, Price, Parry, and Pugh.
Welshmen living in England are often called by the nickname 'Taffy'. This may come from the River Taff, which runs through the capital Cardiff, or may come from Dafydd, the Welsh form of David.
Years ago, all Irish people spoke Gaelic, and this language is still spoken in some parts of Ireland, although today all Irish people speak English also. Evidence of Gaelic is still found in place-names, for example 'bally'—town, 'slieve'—mountain, 'lough'—lake, 'inis'—island, 'drum'— mountain top, 'glen'—valley.
The influence of Irish Gaelic is also found in the names of people. Here are some typical Gaelic first names:
Sean —same as John; Seamus—same as James; Liam— same as William; Seanna— same as Joanna.
Paddy (short for Patrick) and Micky (short for Michael) are not Gaelic names but they are found so often in Ireland that these two names are sometimes used jokingly to mean 'an Irishman'. Many Irish surnames begin with:
-O'... meaning 'from the family of;
-Fitz... meaning 'son of;
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-Mac... meaning 'son of;
-Kil... meaning 'son of'; Gil... meaning 'son of’ Here are some examples:
O'Brien |
MacMahon |
O'Neil |
MacHugh |
Fitzwilliam |
Kilmartin |
Fitzgerald |
Gilmurray |
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Module 4 – Modal Verbs
Functions of Modal Verbs and Synonymous Expressions
Use |
Present/Future |
Past |
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Ability |
He can read Arabic. |
He could/was able to read Arabic when |
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She's able to run a marathon. |
he was four (repeated action - ability in |
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the past). |
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He was able to escape, (single action) |
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He can win the race. (90% certain) |
She could have been killed in the |
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They could still be at school. (50% |
car crash. (Luckily, she wasn't |
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certain; it's possible they are still at |
killed.) |
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Possibility |
school.) |
He may have spoken to Jenny |
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Tom may be studying in his room, |
yesterday. (Perhaps he spoke to Jenny.) |
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He might want some more food. |
It was likely that he had arrived the day |
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(perhaps; 50% certain; it's possible |
He might have forgotten. (Perhaps he |
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that he's studying.) |
has forgotten.) |
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(40% certain; perhaps he wants some |
before. |
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more food.) |
He was likely to have arrived the day |
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It is likely that he will arrive tonight. |
before. |
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He is likely to arrive tonight. |
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They will be home soon. |
He should have received his prize by |
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Probability |
(100% certain; prediction) |
now. (He has probably received it by |
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Greg should win easily. (90% |
now.) |
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certain; future only; he'll win |
They ought to have arrived an hour |
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easily.) |
ago, (They have probably arrived.) |
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They ought to be home by now. |
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(90% certain; they will probably |
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be home.) |
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assumption |
She must be working. (90% certain - |
She must have been working, (positive, |
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positive; I'm sure she's working.) |
I'm sure she was working.) |
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She can't be over forty. (negative; |
She can't have stolen the money, |
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I'm sure she isn't over forty.) |
(negative; I'm sure she didn't steal the |
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Logical |
He couldn't be at work (negative; |
money.) |
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I don't think he's at work.) |
He couldn't have been at work |
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yesterday. (negative; I don't think he |
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was at work yesterday.) |
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You can/can't borrow my car. |
He wasn't allowed to/couldn't cross the |
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(giving or refusing permission; |
border. |
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informal) |
He was allowed to enter the country, |
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Could I use your phone? (more |
(not: could) |
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Permission |
polite; asking for permission) |
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You may use the phone. (formal; |
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giving permission) |
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Might I speak to Mr Jones, please? |
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(more formal; asking permission) |
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I'm afraid you can't/mustn't see the |
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patient. (informal; refusing |
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permission) Children may not be left |
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unaccompanied. (formal; refusing |
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permission - written notice) |
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I must buy a new jacket. (I say so.) |
I had to buy a new jacket. (I was |
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He has to put some petrol in the car. |
obliged to.) |
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(necessity coming from outside the |
Since his car was being repaired he had |
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speaker). |
to go to York by train. |
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I’ve got to go to the bank now. |
I had to go to the bank yesterday. |
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(informal) |
My car needed repairing. or |
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Necessity |
My car needs repairing. or |
My car needed to be repaired. (it was |
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My car needs to be repaired. (it's |
necessary) |
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necessary) |
She didn't have to go. (it wasn't |
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They don't have to/don't need |
necessary – absence of necessity) |
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to/needn't come if they don't want |
He needn't have worn such heavy |
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to. (it isn't necessary - absence of |
clothes. (It wasn't necessary for him to |
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necessity) |
wear such heavy clothes but he did.) |
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I ought to get my hair cut. (it's |
She didn't need to/didn’t have to buy |
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necessary) |
any apples. (It wasn't necessary for her |
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to buy any apples and she didn't.) |
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You should drink more water, |
You should have gone to bed earlier |
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(general advice; I advise you) |
last night. (but you didn't) |
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You ought to respect the elderly. (I |
He ought to have seen a doctor earlier. |
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advise you; most people believe |
(but he didn’t) |
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Advice |
this) |
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You had better finish it. (it's a good |
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idea; advice on a specific situation) |
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It would have been better if you had |
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finished it yesterday. (but you |
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didn't) |
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Shall I buy that car? (asking for |
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advice) |
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You could at least help me. |
You could have at least helped me last |
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Criticism |
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night. |
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They should have tried harder. (but |
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they didn't) |
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You ought to have behaved yourself |
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yesterday. (It was the right thing to do |
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but you didn't do it.) |
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I must go on a diet. (I'm obliged to; I |
I had to go on a diet a month ago. |
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Obligation |
say so.) |
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I have to go on a diet. (I'm obliged |
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to; the doctor says so.) |
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We ought to help the poor. (It’s the |
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right thing to do, but people don’t |
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always do it.) |
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Can I borrow your book? (informal) |
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Could I borrow your book? (polite) |
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Requests |
May I have a cup of coffee, please? |
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(formal) |
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Might I use your phone? (very |
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formal) Will you phone Jane |
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tonight? (very friendly) |
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Would you mind sending this fax? |
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(polite) |
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Offers |
Can I/we do anything for you? |
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(informal) |
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Shall I/ we do it for you? (informal) |
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Would you like me to help you? |
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Suggestions |
Shall we dance? |
He could have consulted a lawyer. |
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I/we can go if you like. |
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We could leave if you want. |
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Prohibition |
You can't smoke there. (you aren't |
They couldn't smoke there. (they |
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allowed to) |
weren't allowed) |
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You mustn't smoke there. (it's |
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forbidden) |
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You may not smoke there. (formal) |
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Everyone must obey the law. |
All the villagers had to obey the law. |
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Duty |
People ought to be more tolerant. |
He ought to have been more tolerant. |
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(It's the right thing to do but they do |
(It was the right thing to do but he |
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not always do it) |
didn't do it.) |
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Module 5 – The Subjunctive Mood Mood |
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Mood |
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Example |
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It expresses |
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Indicative |
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The film is much talked |
Real action in any tense |
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about. |
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and voice |
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He is |
swimming |
against |
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the current. |
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Imperative |
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Book tickets in advance. |
Order |
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Fasten your belts, please. |
Request |
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Let’s travel round the |
Suggestion |
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world. |
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Subjunctive |
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I wish I were in London. |
Unreal action expressing |
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If |
only |
he |
went |
doubt, possibility, advice, |
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sightseeing. |
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probability, etc. |
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Subject Clause introduced by “it”
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The Subjunctive Mood |
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Principal |
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Conj. |
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Subordinate |
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Examples |
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Clauses |
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Clauses |
1. It’s urgent that he be |
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important |
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there. |
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necessary |
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do |
2. |
It’s necessary that she |
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advisable |
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should come. |
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that |
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smb should do |
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It is |
urgent |
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3. |
It’s arranged that the |
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smth |
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requested |
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library supply (should |
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arranged |
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supply) the students with |
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the books. |
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1. It’s natural that she’d |
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natural |
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feel hurt. |
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strange |
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should do |
2. It’s strange that he’d |
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odd |
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have done it. |
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that |
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smb should have |
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It is |
curious |
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3. It’s doubtful that they |
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done smth |
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doubtful |
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could have solved it. |
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impossible |
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4. |
It’s impossible that they |
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should have survived. |
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1. It’s possible that she |
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may do |
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may know it. |
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2. It’s possible that she |
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It is possible |
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that |
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smb may have |
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may have heard it. |
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done smth |
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3. It’s was possible that she |
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might do |
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might return. |
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249
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1. |
You look as if you’d |
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been running. |
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2. |
She felt as if she’d lost |
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smb |
looks |
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did |
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smth. |
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feels |
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3. |
It looks as if they were |
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as if |
smb had done |
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smth |
seems |
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out. |
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Clause |
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smth |
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is (not) |
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4. |
It’s not as if I could help. |
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5. |
It seems as if he knew |
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the way. |
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Predicative |
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The order |
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1. |
Her request was that we |
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request |
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should do it in time. |
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suggestion |
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do |
2. |
The rule is that the |
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demand is |
that |
smb should do |
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students should not take |
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plan |
smth |
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the books away from the |
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idea |
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reading hall. |
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3. |
My suggestion is that we |
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stay here. |
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demands |
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do |
1. |
He demanded that all be |
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present. |
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requests |
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smb should do |
2. |
She suggests that it’d be |
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smb |
suggests |
that |
smth |
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done in time. |
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insists |
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smth should be |
3. |
They insist that we’d |
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orders |
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done |
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come at once. |
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Clause |
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fears |
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smb does (did, |
1. |
I fear that she’ll miss the |
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trembles |
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train. |
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that |
had done) |
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smb |
dreads |
2. |
I fear lest she’d miss the |
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lest |
smb should do |
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Object |
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worries |
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smth |
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train. |
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is afraid |
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smb wishes |
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I wish |
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did |
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I were at home |
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had made a report |
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smb had done |
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could help you |
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that |
smth |
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you would go away |
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could do |
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the music would stop |
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would do |
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she would come |
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you would help me |
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It is time |
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1. |
It’s time me went home. |
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high time |
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2. |
It’s time we’d go home. |
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Attributi Clause |
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smb did smth |
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about time |
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should do |
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|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
250