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War, plague and fire struck London in the 17th century. A struggle for power between King Charles I and Parliament resulted in civil war in 1642. London sided with Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell and other Puritans. The Puritans opposed the king, the Church of England and the luxurious life of the nobility. The Puritans beheaded the king in 1649.

London grew less prosperous under Puritan rule. The Puritans made themselves unpopular by closing the theatres. When Parliament restored the monarchy in 1660, most Londoners welcomed the new king, Charles II (l630-85).

The Great Plague, a terrible epidemic broke in London in 1665. The disease was spread by fleas from infected rats and had taken about 100,000 lives.

On September 2, 1666, the Great Fire of London broke. Most of the City lay in ashes. The losses included St. Paul's Cathedral, more than 80 churches and about 13,000 houses. The fire was brought under control five days later and caused no known death.

Londoners rebuilt the City with brick and stone. The great architect of the new city was Sir Christopher Wren. London's business soon recovered from losses. A new Royal Exchange opened in 1675. Lloyd's insurance company started in the coffee house of Edward Lloyd (1648-1712) in 1686. Coffee houses on Fleet Street were a chief source of news, and so London's newspaper industry grew up in this area.

London's main role in the Industrial Revolution was to develop markets for the factory-produced goods. The merchants and the bankers made enormous fortunes. The West End became famous for its fashionable life. The workers lived in slums in the East End.

In the 1840's a ring of railroad stations went up around central London. The first station, Euston Station, opened in 1846. London's subway system, which was the first in the world, started in 1863.

During WWI German airships dropped a few bombs on London. In 1940, Germany began an all-out attack on Britain. London became the chief target of the attack. The blitz lasted from September 1940 to May 1941. German planes dropped tons of bombs on the built-up area. The City and the East End were especially hardhit. The air attacks on London continued throughout the war. Much of London lay in ruins. Bombs had destroyed 80% of London's houses.

In the 1960's, skyscrapers began to appear in central London. The 26-story Shell Center opened in 1962. In 1965, the 189-meter Post Office Tower became the tallest structure in Britain.

The London Government Act replaced the County of London with Greater London. It also divided Greater London into 32 boroughs.

The problems of London include air pollution, housing shortage, and traffic jams. But London has had more success than most other cities in solving its problems.

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London was long noted for its smogs. Terrible smog in 1952 killed about 4000 Londoners. In 1956 Parliament passed a Clean Air Act and by the 1970's, London was noted for its clean air.

The new towns outside the Green Belt have helped ease a housing shortage in London. Housing projects have cleared out many slums and provided low-cost housing for many families.

To relieve some of the traffic problems, the government built a road that completely circles London. Motorway 25(M 25) opened in 1986.

Comprehension Check

11. Define the statements as true or false.

1.London traces its history back more than 2,000 years.

2.The Romans built a river port on the Themes.

3.Edvard, the Saxon king,built a palace and a church.

4.It became a start of the city of Westminster.

5.Londoners were granted selfgoverment by William the Conqueror.

6.St. Paul’s was built to replace a church .

7.London grew slowly under King Henry VII.

8.Under the rule of Queen Elizabeth London’s life became more active, first theatres were opened.

9.The 17th century brought tragic events for London.

10.The Great Fire was devastating, 90 churches and St. Paul’s lay in ashes.

11.The Industrial revolution divided the city into two parts.

12.In the1970’s first skyscrapes began to appear.

13.The London’s Government Act changed counties into boroughs.

14.London was noted for its smog, no Act was passed to change the situation.

12. Answer the questions.

1.Did London develop into a world-trading center under Queen Elizabeth I?

2.When was the Royal Stock Exchange completed?

3.Where did England's first theaters open?

4.Why were the theatres prohibited inside London's walls?

5.What was the name of the theatre which ranked among the most popular theatres?

6.When did William Shakespeare begin to present his plays at the Globe?

7.What struck London in the 17th century?

8.What was the result of the struggle between King Charles I and Parliament?

9.Did London side with Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, or King?

10.Did the Puritans oppose the luxurious life of the nobility?

11.Who beheaded the king in 1649?

13. Choose the best answer.

1. The Angles and Saxons divided England into _____ .

14.Divide the text into logical parts and name them. Use the plan to speak about the history of London.

15.What do the following numbers and dates refer to?

Language Focus

16. Explain the meaning of the following words and word combinations in English and use them to speak about history of London.

17. Translate into Ukrainian.

Counties; boroughs; to trace the history back; to conquer; presentday bridge; to form boundaries; to keep the settlement alive; seafaring tribes; a kingdom; to grant self-government; a castle; to impress people with authority and power; craft and trade guilds; to become the meeting place of Parliament; to result in a civil war; to be prosperous; to lie in ashes; airships; an all-out attack; to be noted for; housing shortage; low-cost housing.

18. Translate into English.

Укріплення; для оборони; норманське завоювання; займати дуже велику територію; Велика пожежа; руйнувати; простягатися зовні; відмінний, особливий характер; фінансовий центр; діловий центр; всесвітньовідомий торговий центр; знать; місце зібрання Парламенту; Королівська біржа; ремісницькі та підприємницькі цехи; чума; уражати місто; закінчуватись війною; забрати життя; лежати в попелі; втрати; накопичувати величезні капітали; промислові товари; жити в нетрях; обезглавити короля; житло низької вартості; отримати величезні статки; пережити втрати; викликати громадянську війну; розкішне оточення.

19. Transcribe the following words to avoid possible mispronunciation and miscommunication in future.

Luxurious; enormous; mayor; boroughs; empire; conquer; monarchy; housing.

20. Complete these sentences with words from the box. Make all necessary changes.

Thames enormous fortunes Romans London hard – hit Wall Britain start Germanic to separate factory - produced goods southwest Londinium

1.London began about A.D. 43, when_____________started to conquer Britain.

2.The Romans built a seaport on the_____________.

3.The Romans called the port_____________.

4.By the 200's, the Romans had built a_____________ around London.

5.In 410 the Roman troops in_____________were called home.

6.The native Britons kept_____________alive as a trading center.

7.After the Romans left, seafaring_____________tribes repeatedly attacked London.

8.London’s craft and trade _____________ began to develop.

9.London grew rapidly, and nobles built ____________outside London’s walls.

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10.London’s main role in the Industrial revolution was to develop the market for_______ .

11.Merchants and bankers made ____________ .

12.During the war the City and the East End were especially ____________ .

21. Translate into English.

1.Мешканці міста відбудували центральну частину міста, використовуючи цеглу та камінь.

2.Головна роль мешканців міста полягала y створенні ринків для промислових товарів.

3.Лондон був першим містом в світі, в якому з’явилося кільце залізничних станцій навколо центральної частини Лондону.

4.Під час війни німецькі літаки кидали тони авіабомб на житлові масиви.

5.Напади з повітя продовжувалися протягом всієї війни і, як результат, 80 відсоків будинків було зруйновано.

6.В 90-х роках 20 століття в центральній частині міста з’явилися перші хмарочоси.

7.Після закінчення війни Лондон мав багато проблем, пов’язаних з забрудненням повітря, недостатньою кількістю житла, дорожніми заторами.

8.Щоб вирішити деякі дорожні проблеми, були побудовані додаткові дороги.

9.Уряд видав ряд законодавчих актів щодо будівництва житлових будинків та очищення повітря.

10.Лондон був відомий своїм смогом, тому уряд видав наказ, завдяки якому ситуація змінилася на краще.

22. Render in English.

Лондон

Лондон притягує своєю самобутністю. Тут живуть 7 млн. мешканців і принаймні 1 млн. працівників приїжджає сюди щодня на роботу. Лондон - разом із своїми околицями з їх невеличкими будиночками й садочками - простягнувся від одного краю до іншого на 25 миль (40 км). Місто являє собою квітучу культурну столицю Європи, де зародилися деякі з музичних напрямків, театральних жанрів й мистецьких шкіл.

До того ж Лондон як столиця Британської імперії має велику архітектурну цінність. Це багатюще місто, економічні обсяги якого такі ж, як у Саудівської Аравії. У Сіті, фінансовому центрі Лондона, працює 800 000 чоловік - це більше, ніж населення Франкфурта. Проте 7 із 32 нетрів Лондона входять до 10 найбідніших нетрів Великобританії.

23. Read the following text getting some more information about London of the past to use it in the further discussion in pairs.

After Romans left in AD 410, the town declined. The Anglo-Saxons, who settled in the region, were living in small rural communities. But by AD 800 London was a busy trade centre again.

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The town’s strategic and commercial importance grew and it was fought over by Vikings and warring Saxon factions before falling into the hands of William the Conqueror in 1066. Under his reign, The Tower of London was built to protect the city.

During the next five centuries, London became a bustling medieval city of timber-framed buildings towering over narrow, winding streets, with gothic churches and cathedrals. It also became a city of slums, squalor and disease. The Black Death, halving the population of the city in 1348, and the Great Plague of 1665, claiming 100, 000 lives. These are only the most extreme examples of frequent epidemics that swept the city. Rich citizens were able to escape the filth and moved to greener outskirts, thus expanding the West End.

Listening

24. Listen to the material about the history of London and London of the present-day and answer the following questions.

1.Did you get any additional information about history of London?

2.Which places are good to see when you are in London?

3.What is called “village London”?

4.Which parts of London have become very famous among people?

5.What do people mean when they say that London can be “cheap and free”?

Discussion.

25. Work in pairs, speak on the history of London. Attract the material learned and some additional one which can be got from any source.

AROUND WHITEHALL

26. Read the text carefully and be ready to discuss it. Study the new vocabulary to do the following tasks and exercises.

Downing Street, the official residence of Prime Ministers for more than 250 years, was built on land where an Abbey brewhouse had been sited. During restoration 30 years ago, remnants of Roman pottery were unearthed, along with Saxon wood and fragments of Whitehall Palace which had its heyday during the reign of Tudor Henry VIII. The famous cul-de-sac of

Downing Street was created by Sir George Downing, Member of Parliament, around 1680. He had spent his early years with his parents in America and became a graduate of Harvard University before returning to London and winning the approval of Charles II, who granted him a lease on the land.

Number 10 is one of the original Downing Street houses to survive.

Acquired by the Crown in 1732, it was offered by George II as a gift to Sir Robert Walpole. He accepted it in his office as First Lord of the Treasury (a title which eventually became "Prime Minister"). Among famous incumbents was Sir Robert Peel, who formed the police force - hence the nick-name "bobbies".

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No 10, with the most photographed door in the world, is guarded outside by a single policeman. It has seen the most significant comings and goings of the era from riots to suffragettes chaining themselves to the railings to Sir Winston Churchill's celebration at the end of the Wars. In recent years it has witnessed the arrival of the first female Prime Minister Mrs Margaret Thatcher who recently hosted a dinner with the Queen as her guest to celebrate its 250th anniversary as the residence of the number one politician.

Downing Street leads into Whitehall, home of government ministers and the setting for state processions, and for the annual memorial services at the Cenotaph. This was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens to remember the dead of the First World War, with an inscription added after the Second World War.

Nearby, Charles I was executed in 1649, having walked out from the Banqueting Hall, built 24 years earlier of Portland stone in Palladian architecture by Inigo Jones. Ironically the ceiling was painted by Rubens for Charles I, who granted him a knighthood. Among the allegorical scenes are depictions of the birth and coronation of the unfortunate king. Cromwell's commonwealth with him as Protector lasted a decade. The Monarchy returned with Charles II in 1660.

Comprehension Check

27. Answer the questions.

1.How many years has Downing Street been the official residence of Prime Ministers?

2.Who was the famous cul-de-sac of Downing Street created by?

3.Who was among famous incumbents of Downing Street?

4.What historical events has № 10 witnessed?

5.Where does Downing Street lead into?

6.Who was the Cenotaph designed by?

7.When was Charles I executed?

8.How long did Cromwell's commonwealth last?

Language Focus

28. Explain the meanings of the following words and word combinations in English and use them to speak about Whitehall. Find the appropriate synonyms for the words.

29.Transcribe the following words to avoid possible mispronunciation and miscommunication in future.

Brewhouse; remnants; unearthed; heyday; cul-de-sac; acquired; eventually; incumbents; riot; suffragettes; the Cenotaph; knighthood; commonwealth.

30.Match the words with their definitions.

31. Spelling checker. Complete the words with the missing letters.

S_ffrage_tes, ho_rendo_s, c_l-de-sa_, le_se, de_d, r_ot, extr_va_ances, s_mptuo_s, sover_i_n, ban_u_t, kni_h_hood.

32. Translate into English.

1.Протягом більш ніж 250 років вулиця Даунінг є офіційною резиденцією Прем'єр-міністра.

2.Сер Джордж Даунінг закінчив Гарвардський університет, повернувся до Лондону та отримав згоду Карла ІІ на оренду ділянки, де пізніше створив Даунінг стріт.

3.Король Георг ІІ придбав будинок на Даунінг стріт 10 у 1732 році та подарував його Серу Роберту Уолполу, який займав посаду Першого Лорда державного казначейства /титул, який згодом змінили на "прем'єр-міністра"/.

4.Серед відомих мешканців будинку № 10 на вулиці Даунінг був Сер Роберт Пiл, який сформував столичну поліцію, службовці якої за його ім'ям називаються "боббі".

33. Look at the picture. Have you ever seen this monument? What is it called? Read the text and be ready to discuss it. Study the new vocabulary to do the following tasks and exercises. Translate the text into Ukrainian.

The Cenotaph in Whitehall, London has played host to the Remembrance Service for the past nine decades. But how did the monument become such an indelible part of the UK's commemoration of those who lost their lives in past conflicts?

Originally intended as a small part of the Peace Day events of July 1919, The Cenotaph was designed and built by Edwin Lutyens at the request of the then Prime Minister Lloyd George. The Cenotaph - which literally means Empty Tomb in Greek - was initially a wood and plaster construction intended for the first anniversary of the Armistice in 1919. At its unveiling the base of the monument was spontaneously covered in wreaths to the dead and missing from The Great War. Such was the extent

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of public enthusiasm for the construction it was decided that The Cenotaph should become a permanent and lasting memorial.

The Cenotaph, made from Portland stone, was unveiled in 1920. The inscription reads simply "The Glorious Dead".

On the Sunday nearest to 11 November at 11am each year, a Remembrance Service is held at the Cenotaph to commemorate British and Commonwealth servicemen and women who died in the two World Wars and later conflicts. The monarch, religious leaders, politicians, representatives of state and the armed and auxiliary forces, gather to pay respect to those who gave their lives defending others.

The service has changed little since it was first

introduced in 1921, hymns are sung, prayers are said and a two minute silence is observed. Official wreaths are laid on the steps of The Cenotaph. The ceremony ends with a march past of war veterans; a poignant gesture of respect for their fallen comrades.

Services of Remembrance are held at war memorials and cenotaphs throughout Britain and the Commonwealth nations. While the style and size of these memorials vary considerably from place to place, an exact replica of Lutyens' Cenotaph stands proudly in London, Canada.

Language Focus

34. Explain the meanings of the words and word combinations in English. Find the appropriate synonyms for the words.

poignant gesture

35.Write 10 questions on the text in pairs. Exchange your questions with another pair.

BUKINGHAM PALACE

36. Read the text and be ready to discuss it. Study the new vocabulary to do the following tasks and exercises. Translate the text into Ukrainian.

Buckingham Palace, facing The Mall and the white marble and gilded Queen Victoria Memorial, flies the royal standard when The Queen is in residence. Her ancestor, King George IV insisted that the architect for his stately new home must be John Nash. He won his choice, but the cost grew to a horrendous ₤700,000, when extravagances included such items as 500 massive blocks of veined Carrara marble. When Queen Victoria came to the throne a few years later in 1837 it was hardly

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habitable. Many of the 1,000 windows would not open. By 1853 the ballroom block had been added. King Edward VII, born in the Palace in 1841, died there in 1910.

Despite its sumptuous apartments, containing generations of royal treasures, not all its residents were happy. In his memoirs The Duke of Windsor wrote that the vast building "with its stately rooms and endless corridors and passages, seemed pervaded by a curious, musty smell that still assails me whenever I enter its portals".

Today The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh have private suites in the North Wing, overlooking Green Park.

Their home is open to around 30,000 guests in summer, attending garden parties. The Gardens have a lake, cascading water and the wild life includes flamingoes - apparently not disturbed by frequent helicopters of the Queen's Flight. Buckingham Palace is a working setting for the monarchy - with a large staff involved in tasks from running the household to organising banquets

for visiting heads of state, arrangements for ambassadors to present their credentials and subjects to receive awards. From here the Queen leaves on ceremonial duties such as the State Opening of Parliament in early winter and Trooping the Colour to mark her official birthday in June.

The Queen's Gallery, built on part of

the site where the chapel stood before it was bombed during the war, houses changing exhibitions taken from the Royal Collections. This is open to the public.

So are the Royal Mews with the Queen's horses, their trappings, the breathtaking State Coach, painted by Cipriani, and more modern royal carriages and cars.

Comprehension Check

37. Answer the questions.

1.When does Buckingham Palace fly the royal standard?

2.Who was the architect of the building?

3.What extravagances did the construction include?

4.When did Queen Victoria come to the throne?

5.When was the ballroom added?

6.What was the name of the king who died in the Palace?

7.What did the Duke of Windsor write in his memoirs?

8.Why is Buckingham Palace called as a working setting for the monarchy?

9.What does the Queen's Gallery house?

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