1. Insert linking words from the box into the following sentences.

Despite due to in fact however obviously and….as well because of according to moreover nevertheless as well as

1. ……….. the appearance of instruments, geographic maps were full of mistakes.

2. ………. one of the most popular theories about the death of the dinosaurs, the world just grew too cold for them.

3. ………. many scientists think that a change in weather would not have been enough to kill the dinosaurs.

4. ………., fossils have been found that show dinosaurs could live as north as Alaska.

5. ………., some animals can get through a disaster better then the others.

6. The idea of a great asteroid or comet crash is interesting, moreover, it`s fascinating.

7. Scientists have studied the surface of the earth for centuries, ………. each year brings new information.

8. ………. its special qualities, water supports all forms of life, ………. influences weather and climate.

9. Waterfalls develop ………. the presence of rocks in the river`s course.

10. The atmosphere changes constantly ………. the weather changes constantly ………..

Insert linking words into the following texts.

Obviously as a result so however a well established fact fortunately then immediately nowadays until

Obviously the more hemoglobin you have the more oxygen is carried to the cells of your body. Now suppose that for some reason the number of red cells in your blood decreases or the amount of hemoglobin in each cell gets smaller. Immediately the cells in other tissues all over your body get less oxygen; their metabolism is not normal, and so you get weak and pale.

It is possibly, however, to be perfectly healthy and still not get enough oxygen. This happens to fliers even though they have plenty of red cells and hemoglobin. Nowadays it is a well-established fact that the higher you fly above the earth’s surface, the thinner the atmosphere becomes. A breath of air at ten thousand feet contains far fewer molecules of oxygen ……. at sea level. As a result, at great heights most people begin to pant and feel light-headed. They are suffering from oxygen want.

Fortunately, today’s airplanes have pressurized cabins for very high altitude flights. The thin outside air is compressed ……..it is as dense as the air we are used to breathing and then it is pumped into cabin. Without special cabins, fliers have to inhale oxygen from tanks instead of the thin outside air.

Put in these words in the text.

Well during though and but thanks to however both…and according to

THE ANCIENT ADAPTABLE APPLE (AAA)

48. Does an apple a day really keep the doctor away? ……….., not completely, of course – ………. it is quite likely to postpone the need for his attentions.

………. this proverb is a comparatively recent one, there is nothing new about the thought behind it.

In ancient Ireland the apple tree was the tree of immortality. ………..golden apples the Scandinavian gods preserved their eternal youth. The ancient Turks, too, believed that apples could restore youth; ………. the apple of Prince Ahmed of the "Arabian Nights" was a cure for every disorder.

The apple, which in ancient times grew wild on the shores of the Black Sea, may well have been the first fruit ever cultivated by man. ……….. the historical sources, in Greece they were cultivated at least as far back as 600 B.C., and Cato, in his writings, named seven different varieties.

……….. the Roman occupation of Britain, apple trees brought over from Gaul thrived so well in Somerset that the fruit was sent back again to Rome as a rare delicacy! From this time onwards the number of varieties of cultivated apple increased rapidly. It was not until the 18th century, ………., that experiments were made in cross-fertilization and the production of new varieties of apple by hybridization.

This has the dual result that we can obtain today a large variety of ………. eating ………. cooking apples; and that we can obtain them, from different countries, all the year round.

Translate into English, paying attention to the linking words.

Широко известно, что человек издавна использовал микробиологические процессы для приготовления хлеба, сыра, пива, вина и других продуктов.Нолишь в последние десятилетия успехи науки открыли возможность использовать микроорганизмы для крупного промышленного производства множества полезных веществ.По словам специалистовиспользование биологических катализаторов - ферментов в пищевой, текстильной, кожевенной промышленности облегчает условия труда рабочих,а такжеулучшает качество продукции, снижает ее себестоимость.Кроме тогобактериальные удобрения и микробиологические препараты для защиты растений от вредителей - хорошее подспорье земледельцам.Словом, у микробиологической промышленности большое будущее.

TEST 1 (Units 1 – 3).